diff --git a/bfv/bfv_test.go b/bfv/bfv_test.go
index ffeeaac7..41764952 100644
--- a/bfv/bfv_test.go
+++ b/bfv/bfv_test.go
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 var flagLongTest = flag.Bool("long", false, "run the long test suite (all parameters). Overrides -short and requires -timeout=0.")
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ type testContext struct {
 	params      Parameters
 	ringQ       *ring.Ring
 	ringT       *ring.Ring
-	prng        utils.PRNG
+	prng        sampling.PRNG
 	uSampler    *ring.UniformSampler
 	encoder     Encoder
 	kgen        *rlwe.KeyGenerator
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ func genTestParams(params Parameters) (tc *testContext, err error) {
 	tc = new(testContext)
 	tc.params = params
 
-	if tc.prng, err = utils.NewPRNG(); err != nil {
+	if tc.prng, err = sampling.NewPRNG(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
diff --git a/bfv/evaluator.go b/bfv/evaluator.go
index 69acb4bc..e72496e6 100644
--- a/bfv/evaluator.go
+++ b/bfv/evaluator.go
@@ -402,13 +402,17 @@ func (eval *evaluator) quantizeLvl(level, levelQMul int, ctOut *rlwe.Ciphertext)
 
 // Mul multiplies ctIn by op1 and returns the result in ctOut.
 func (eval *evaluator) Mul(ctIn *rlwe.Ciphertext, op1 rlwe.Operand, ctOut *rlwe.Ciphertext) {
-	eval.CheckBinary(ctIn, op1, ctOut, ctIn.Degree()+op1.Degree())
+
 	switch op1 := op1.(type) {
 	case *PlaintextMul:
+		eval.CheckBinary(ctIn, op1, ctOut, ctIn.Degree()+op1.Degree())
 		eval.mulPlaintextMul(ctIn, op1, ctOut)
 	case *PlaintextRingT:
+		// Special case where we do not want ctOut to be resized to level 0
+		eval.CheckBinary(ctIn, ctIn, ctOut, ctIn.Degree()+op1.Degree())
 		eval.mulPlaintextRingT(ctIn, op1, ctOut)
 	case *rlwe.Plaintext, *rlwe.Ciphertext:
+		eval.CheckBinary(ctIn, op1, ctOut, ctIn.Degree()+op1.Degree())
 		eval.tensorAndRescale(ctIn, op1.El(), ctOut)
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("cannot Mul: invalid rlwe.Operand type for Mul: %T", op1))
@@ -461,7 +465,7 @@ func (eval *evaluator) mulPlaintextRingT(ctIn *rlwe.Ciphertext, ptRt *PlaintextR
 		ringQ.MForm(ctOut.Value[i], ctOut.Value[i])
 
 		// For each qi in Q
-		for j, s := range ringQ.SubRings[:ctIn.Level()+1] {
+		for j, s := range ringQ.SubRings[:level+1] {
 
 			tmp := ctOut.Value[i].Coeffs[j]
 
diff --git a/bgv/bgv_test.go b/bgv/bgv_test.go
index 6b686a1d..5472bb8a 100644
--- a/bgv/bgv_test.go
+++ b/bgv/bgv_test.go
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 var flagPrintNoise = flag.Bool("print-noise", false, "print the residual noise")
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ type testContext struct {
 	params      Parameters
 	ringQ       *ring.Ring
 	ringT       *ring.Ring
-	prng        utils.PRNG
+	prng        sampling.PRNG
 	uSampler    *ring.UniformSampler
 	encoder     Encoder
 	kgen        *rlwe.KeyGenerator
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ func genTestParams(params Parameters) (tc *testContext, err error) {
 	tc = new(testContext)
 	tc.params = params
 
-	if tc.prng, err = utils.NewPRNG(); err != nil {
+	if tc.prng, err = sampling.NewPRNG(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
diff --git a/ckks/advanced/homomorphic_DFT_test.go b/ckks/advanced/homomorphic_DFT_test.go
index dbc01d1f..97c302bc 100644
--- a/ckks/advanced/homomorphic_DFT_test.go
+++ b/ckks/advanced/homomorphic_DFT_test.go
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ckks"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 var printPrecisionStats = flag.Bool("print-precision", false, "print precision stats")
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ func testCoeffsToSlots(params ckks.Parameters, t *testing.T) {
 		// Generates the vector of random complex values
 		values := make([]complex128, params.Slots())
 		for i := range values {
-			values[i] = complex(utils.RandFloat64(-1, 1), utils.RandFloat64(-1, 1))
+			values[i] = complex(sampling.RandFloat64(-1, 1), sampling.RandFloat64(-1, 1))
 		}
 
 		// Splits between real and imaginary
@@ -345,13 +345,13 @@ func testSlotsToCoeffs(params ckks.Parameters, t *testing.T) {
 		// Generates the n first slots of the test vector (real part to encode)
 		valuesReal := make([]complex128, params.Slots())
 		for i := range valuesReal {
-			valuesReal[i] = complex(utils.RandFloat64(-1, 1), 0)
+			valuesReal[i] = complex(sampling.RandFloat64(-1, 1), 0)
 		}
 
 		// Generates the n first slots of the test vector (imaginary part to encode)
 		valuesImag := make([]complex128, params.Slots())
 		for i := range valuesImag {
-			valuesImag[i] = complex(utils.RandFloat64(-1, 1), 0)
+			valuesImag[i] = complex(sampling.RandFloat64(-1, 1), 0)
 		}
 
 		// If sparse, there there is the space to store both vectors in one
diff --git a/ckks/advanced/homomorphic_mod_test.go b/ckks/advanced/homomorphic_mod_test.go
index 0b602ebe..444b5ac8 100644
--- a/ckks/advanced/homomorphic_mod_test.go
+++ b/ckks/advanced/homomorphic_mod_test.go
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ckks"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 func TestHomomorphicMod(t *testing.T) {
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ func newTestVectorsEvalMod(params ckks.Parameters, encryptor rlwe.Encryptor, enc
 	Q := float64(params.Q()[0]) / math.Exp2(math.Round(math.Log2(float64(params.Q()[0])))) * evm.MessageRatio()
 
 	for i := uint64(0); i < 1<<logSlots; i++ {
-		values[i] = complex(math.Round(utils.RandFloat64(-K, K))*Q+utils.RandFloat64(-1, 1), 0)
+		values[i] = complex(math.Round(sampling.RandFloat64(-K, K))*Q+sampling.RandFloat64(-1, 1), 0)
 	}
 
 	values[0] = complex(K*Q+0.5, 0)
diff --git a/ckks/bootstrapping/bootstrapping_test.go b/ckks/bootstrapping/bootstrapping_test.go
index 863e910f..d8b3fc21 100644
--- a/ckks/bootstrapping/bootstrapping_test.go
+++ b/ckks/bootstrapping/bootstrapping_test.go
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ckks"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 var minPrec float64 = 12.0
@@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ func testbootstrap(params ckks.Parameters, original bool, btpParams Parameters,
 
 		values := make([]complex128, 1<<params.LogSlots())
 		for i := range values {
-			values[i] = utils.RandComplex128(-1, 1)
+			values[i] = sampling.RandComplex128(-1, 1)
 		}
 
 		values[0] = complex(0.9238795325112867, 0.3826834323650898)
diff --git a/ckks/ckks_benchmarks_test.go b/ckks/ckks_benchmarks_test.go
index bc2082b7..a60b0c39 100644
--- a/ckks/ckks_benchmarks_test.go
+++ b/ckks/ckks_benchmarks_test.go
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 func BenchmarkCKKSScheme(b *testing.B) {
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func benchEncoder(tc *testContext, b *testing.B) {
 
 		values := make([]complex128, 1<<logSlots)
 		for i := 0; i < 1<<logSlots; i++ {
-			values[i] = utils.RandComplex128(-1, 1)
+			values[i] = sampling.RandComplex128(-1, 1)
 		}
 
 		plaintext := NewPlaintext(tc.params, tc.params.MaxLevel())
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ func benchEncoder(tc *testContext, b *testing.B) {
 
 		values := make([]complex128, 1<<logSlots)
 		for i := 0; i < 1<<logSlots; i++ {
-			values[i] = utils.RandComplex128(-1, 1)
+			values[i] = sampling.RandComplex128(-1, 1)
 		}
 
 		plaintext := NewPlaintext(tc.params, tc.params.MaxLevel())
diff --git a/ckks/ckks_test.go b/ckks/ckks_test.go
index 2880a837..99aca2c8 100644
--- a/ckks/ckks_test.go
+++ b/ckks/ckks_test.go
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 var flagLongTest = flag.Bool("long", false, "run the long test suite (all parameters + secure bootstrapping). Overrides -short and requires -timeout=0.")
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ type testContext struct {
 	params      Parameters
 	ringQ       *ring.Ring
 	ringP       *ring.Ring
-	prng        utils.PRNG
+	prng        sampling.PRNG
 	encoder     Encoder
 	kgen        *rlwe.KeyGenerator
 	sk          *rlwe.SecretKey
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ func genTestParams(defaultParam Parameters) (tc *testContext, err error) {
 		tc.ringP = defaultParam.RingP()
 	}
 
-	if tc.prng, err = utils.NewPRNG(); err != nil {
+	if tc.prng, err = sampling.NewPRNG(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -156,11 +157,11 @@ func newTestVectors(tc *testContext, encryptor rlwe.Encryptor, a, b complex128,
 	switch tc.params.RingType() {
 	case ring.Standard:
 		for i := 0; i < 1<<logSlots; i++ {
-			values[i] = complex(utils.RandFloat64(real(a), real(b)), utils.RandFloat64(imag(a), imag(b)))
+			values[i] = complex(sampling.RandFloat64(real(a), real(b)), sampling.RandFloat64(imag(a), imag(b)))
 		}
 	case ring.ConjugateInvariant:
 		for i := 0; i < 1<<logSlots; i++ {
-			values[i] = complex(utils.RandFloat64(real(a), real(b)), 0)
+			values[i] = complex(sampling.RandFloat64(real(a), real(b)), 0)
 		}
 	default:
 		panic("invalid ring type")
@@ -180,9 +181,9 @@ func newTestVectors(tc *testContext, encryptor rlwe.Encryptor, a, b complex128,
 func randomConst(tp ring.Type, a, b complex128) (constant complex128) {
 	switch tp {
 	case ring.Standard:
-		constant = complex(utils.RandFloat64(real(a), real(b)), utils.RandFloat64(imag(a), imag(b)))
+		constant = complex(sampling.RandFloat64(real(a), real(b)), sampling.RandFloat64(imag(a), imag(b)))
 	case ring.ConjugateInvariant:
-		constant = complex(utils.RandFloat64(real(a), real(b)), 0)
+		constant = complex(sampling.RandFloat64(real(a), real(b)), 0)
 	default:
 		panic("invalid ring type")
 	}
@@ -248,7 +249,7 @@ func testEncoder(tc *testContext, t *testing.T) {
 		valuesWant := make([]float64, slots)
 
 		for i := 0; i < slots; i++ {
-			valuesWant[i] = utils.RandFloat64(-1, 1)
+			valuesWant[i] = sampling.RandFloat64(-1, 1)
 		}
 
 		valuesWant[0] = 0.607538
diff --git a/ckks/encoder.go b/ckks/encoder.go
index 9e5266aa..92b14d6a 100644
--- a/ckks/encoder.go
+++ b/ckks/encoder.go
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe/ringqp"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // GaloisGen is an integer of order N/2 modulo M and that spans Z_M with the integer -1.
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ type encoderComplex128 struct {
 // encoder can be used concurrently.
 func (ecd *encoder) ShallowCopy() *encoder {
 
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ func newEncoder(params Parameters) encoder {
 		fivePows &= (m - 1)
 	}
 
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
diff --git a/dbfv/dbfv_test.go b/dbfv/dbfv_test.go
index a3b7dffd..3753357f 100644
--- a/dbfv/dbfv_test.go
+++ b/dbfv/dbfv_test.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 var flagLongTest = flag.Bool("long", false, "run the long test suite (all parameters). Overrides -short and requires -timeout=0.")
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ func gentestContext(params bfv.Parameters, parties int) (tc *testContext, err er
 	tc.ringQ = params.RingQ()
 	tc.ringP = params.RingP()
 
-	prng, _ := utils.NewKeyedPRNG([]byte{'t', 'e', 's', 't'})
+	prng, _ := sampling.NewKeyedPRNG([]byte{'t', 'e', 's', 't'})
 	tc.crs = prng
 	tc.uniformSampler = ring.NewUniformSampler(prng, params.RingQ())
 
@@ -371,7 +372,7 @@ func testRefreshAndTransform(tc *testContext, t *testing.T) {
 
 		permutation := make([]uint64, len(coeffs))
 		N := uint64(tc.params.N())
-		prng, _ := utils.NewPRNG()
+		prng, _ := sampling.NewPRNG()
 		for i := range permutation {
 			permutation[i] = ring.RandUniform(prng, N, N-1)
 		}
@@ -473,7 +474,7 @@ func testRefreshAndTransformSwitchParams(tc *testContext, t *testing.T) {
 
 		permutation := make([]uint64, len(coeffs))
 		N := uint64(tc.params.N())
-		prng, _ := utils.NewPRNG()
+		prng, _ := sampling.NewPRNG()
 		for i := range permutation {
 			permutation[i] = ring.RandUniform(prng, N, N-1)
 		}
@@ -510,7 +511,7 @@ func testRefreshAndTransformSwitchParams(tc *testContext, t *testing.T) {
 
 func newTestVectors(tc *testContext, encryptor rlwe.Encryptor, t *testing.T) (coeffs []uint64, pt *rlwe.Plaintext, ct *rlwe.Ciphertext) {
 
-	prng, _ := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, _ := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	uniformSampler := ring.NewUniformSampler(prng, tc.ringT)
 	coeffsPol := uniformSampler.ReadNew()
 	pt = bfv.NewPlaintext(tc.params, tc.params.MaxLevel())
diff --git a/dbfv/sharing.go b/dbfv/sharing.go
index c4a829aa..8303f960 100644
--- a/dbfv/sharing.go
+++ b/dbfv/sharing.go
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/drlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // E2SProtocol is the structure storing the parameters and temporary buffers
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func (e2s *E2SProtocol) ShallowCopy() *E2SProtocol {
 
 	params := e2s.params
 
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func NewE2SProtocol(params bfv.Parameters, sigmaSmudging float64) *E2SProtocol {
 	e2s.CKSProtocol = drlwe.NewCKSProtocol(params.Parameters, sigmaSmudging)
 	e2s.params = params
 	e2s.encoder = bfv.NewEncoder(params)
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
diff --git a/dbfv/transform.go b/dbfv/transform.go
index f6c0c059..a22098b6 100644
--- a/dbfv/transform.go
+++ b/dbfv/transform.go
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/drlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // MaskedTransformProtocol is a struct storing the parameters for the MaskedTransformProtocol protocol.
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ func NewMaskedTransformProtocol(paramsIn, paramsOut bfv.Parameters, sigmaSmudgin
 
 // SampleCRP samples a common random polynomial to be used in the Masked-Transform protocol from the provided
 // common reference string.
-func (rfp *MaskedTransformProtocol) SampleCRP(level int, crs utils.PRNG) drlwe.CKSCRP {
+func (rfp *MaskedTransformProtocol) SampleCRP(level int, crs sampling.PRNG) drlwe.CKSCRP {
 	return rfp.s2e.SampleCRP(level, crs)
 }
 
diff --git a/dbgv/dbgv_test.go b/dbgv/dbgv_test.go
index 11b2a0a8..919c9fec 100644
--- a/dbgv/dbgv_test.go
+++ b/dbgv/dbgv_test.go
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 var flagLongTest = flag.Bool("long", false, "run the long test suite (all parameters). Overrides -short and requires -timeout=0.")
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ func gentestContext(nParties int, params bgv.Parameters) (tc *testContext, err e
 	tc.ringQ = params.RingQ()
 	tc.ringP = params.RingP()
 
-	prng, _ := utils.NewKeyedPRNG([]byte{'t', 'e', 's', 't'})
+	prng, _ := sampling.NewKeyedPRNG([]byte{'t', 'e', 's', 't'})
 	tc.crs = prng
 	tc.uniformSampler = ring.NewUniformSampler(prng, params.RingQ())
 
@@ -326,7 +327,7 @@ func testRefreshAndPermutation(tc *testContext, t *testing.T) {
 
 		permutation := make([]uint64, len(coeffs))
 		N := uint64(tc.params.N())
-		prng, _ := utils.NewPRNG()
+		prng, _ := sampling.NewPRNG()
 		for i := range permutation {
 			permutation[i] = ring.RandUniform(prng, N, N-1)
 		}
@@ -429,7 +430,7 @@ func testRefreshAndTransformSwitchParams(tc *testContext, t *testing.T) {
 
 		permutation := make([]uint64, len(coeffs))
 		N := uint64(tc.params.N())
-		prng, _ := utils.NewPRNG()
+		prng, _ := sampling.NewPRNG()
 		for i := range permutation {
 			permutation[i] = ring.RandUniform(prng, N, N-1)
 		}
@@ -467,7 +468,7 @@ func testRefreshAndTransformSwitchParams(tc *testContext, t *testing.T) {
 
 func newTestVectors(tc *testContext, encryptor rlwe.Encryptor, t *testing.T) (coeffs []uint64, plaintext *rlwe.Plaintext, ciphertext *rlwe.Ciphertext) {
 
-	prng, _ := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, _ := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	uniformSampler := ring.NewUniformSampler(prng, tc.ringT)
 	coeffsPol := uniformSampler.ReadNew()
 
diff --git a/dbgv/sharing.go b/dbgv/sharing.go
index 7fa51dc4..5dc0ace2 100644
--- a/dbgv/sharing.go
+++ b/dbgv/sharing.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // E2SProtocol is the structure storing the parameters and temporary buffers
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ func (e2s *E2SProtocol) ShallowCopy() *E2SProtocol {
 
 	params := e2s.params
 
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ func NewE2SProtocol(params bgv.Parameters, sigmaSmudging float64) *E2SProtocol {
 	e2s.CKSProtocol = *drlwe.NewCKSProtocol(params.Parameters, sigmaSmudging)
 	e2s.params = params
 	e2s.encoder = bgv.NewEncoder(params)
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
diff --git a/dbgv/transform.go b/dbgv/transform.go
index c2af31fc..334fb70b 100644
--- a/dbgv/transform.go
+++ b/dbgv/transform.go
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/drlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // MaskedTransformProtocol is a struct storing the parameters for the MaskedTransformProtocol protocol.
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ func NewMaskedTransformProtocol(paramsIn, paramsOut bgv.Parameters, sigmaSmudgin
 
 // SampleCRP samples a common random polynomial to be used in the Masked-Transform protocol from the provided
 // common reference string.
-func (rfp *MaskedTransformProtocol) SampleCRP(level int, crs utils.PRNG) drlwe.CKSCRP {
+func (rfp *MaskedTransformProtocol) SampleCRP(level int, crs sampling.PRNG) drlwe.CKSCRP {
 	return rfp.s2e.SampleCRP(level, crs)
 }
 
diff --git a/dckks/dckks_test.go b/dckks/dckks_test.go
index 5755fa6f..605ed5ee 100644
--- a/dckks/dckks_test.go
+++ b/dckks/dckks_test.go
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 var flagLongTest = flag.Bool("long", false, "run the long test suite (all parameters + secure refresh). Overrides -short and requires -timeout=0.")
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ func genTestParams(params ckks.Parameters, NParties int) (tc *testContext, err e
 	tc.ringQ = params.RingQ()
 	tc.ringP = params.RingP()
 
-	prng, _ := utils.NewKeyedPRNG([]byte{'t', 'e', 's', 't'})
+	prng, _ := sampling.NewKeyedPRNG([]byte{'t', 'e', 's', 't'})
 	tc.crs = prng
 	tc.uniformSampler = ring.NewUniformSampler(prng, params.RingQ())
 
@@ -572,7 +573,7 @@ func newTestVectorsAtScale(testContext *testContext, encryptor rlwe.Encryptor, a
 	values = make([]complex128, 1<<logSlots)
 
 	for i := 0; i < 1<<logSlots; i++ {
-		values[i] = complex(utils.RandFloat64(real(a), real(b)), utils.RandFloat64(imag(a), imag(b)))
+		values[i] = complex(sampling.RandFloat64(real(a), real(b)), sampling.RandFloat64(imag(a), imag(b)))
 	}
 
 	plaintext = testContext.encoder.EncodeNew(values, params.MaxLevel(), scale, params.LogSlots())
diff --git a/dckks/transform.go b/dckks/transform.go
index 0d1cbbcb..70c6fc84 100644
--- a/dckks/transform.go
+++ b/dckks/transform.go
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/drlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // MaskedTransformProtocol is a struct storing the parameters for the MaskedTransformProtocol protocol.
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ func (rfp *MaskedTransformProtocol) AllocateShare(levelDecrypt, levelRecrypt int
 
 // SampleCRP samples a common random polynomial to be used in the Masked-Transform protocol from the provided
 // common reference string. The CRP is considered to be in the NTT domain.
-func (rfp *MaskedTransformProtocol) SampleCRP(level int, crs utils.PRNG) drlwe.CKSCRP {
+func (rfp *MaskedTransformProtocol) SampleCRP(level int, crs sampling.PRNG) drlwe.CKSCRP {
 	return rfp.s2e.SampleCRP(level, crs)
 }
 
diff --git a/drlwe/crs.go b/drlwe/crs.go
index 8ae82a36..018e6314 100644
--- a/drlwe/crs.go
+++ b/drlwe/crs.go
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 package drlwe
 
 import (
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // CRS is an interface for Common Reference Strings.
 // CRSs are PRNGs for which the read bits are the same for
 // all parties.
 type CRS interface {
-	utils.PRNG
+	sampling.PRNG
 }
diff --git a/drlwe/drlwe_benchmark_test.go b/drlwe/drlwe_benchmark_test.go
index 6addd834..389f0631 100644
--- a/drlwe/drlwe_benchmark_test.go
+++ b/drlwe/drlwe_benchmark_test.go
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 func BenchmarkDRLWE(b *testing.B) {
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func benchPublicKeyGen(params rlwe.Parameters, b *testing.B) {
 	ckg := NewCKGProtocol(params)
 	sk := rlwe.NewKeyGenerator(params).GenSecretKeyNew()
 	s1 := ckg.AllocateShare()
-	crs, _ := utils.NewPRNG()
+	crs, _ := sampling.NewPRNG()
 
 	crp := ckg.SampleCRP(crs)
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ func benchRelinKeyGen(params rlwe.Parameters, b *testing.B) {
 	sk := rlwe.NewKeyGenerator(params).GenSecretKeyNew()
 	ephSk, share1, share2 := rkg.AllocateShare()
 	rlk := rlwe.NewRelinearizationKey(params)
-	crs, _ := utils.NewPRNG()
+	crs, _ := sampling.NewPRNG()
 
 	crp := rkg.SampleCRP(crs)
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ func benchRotKeyGen(params rlwe.Parameters, b *testing.B) {
 	rtg := NewGKGProtocol(params)
 	sk := rlwe.NewKeyGenerator(params).GenSecretKeyNew()
 	share := rtg.AllocateShare()
-	crs, _ := utils.NewPRNG()
+	crs, _ := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	crp := rtg.SampleCRP(crs)
 
 	b.Run(benchString("RotKeyGen/Round1/Gen", params), func(b *testing.B) {
diff --git a/drlwe/drlwe_test.go b/drlwe/drlwe_test.go
index a107916c..c4075c6f 100644
--- a/drlwe/drlwe_test.go
+++ b/drlwe/drlwe_test.go
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 var nbParties = int(5)
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ type testContext struct {
 	skShares       []*rlwe.SecretKey
 	skIdeal        *rlwe.SecretKey
 	uniformSampler *ring.UniformSampler
-	crs            utils.PRNG
+	crs            sampling.PRNG
 }
 
 func newTestContext(params rlwe.Parameters) *testContext {
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func newTestContext(params rlwe.Parameters) *testContext {
 		params.RingQP().Add(skIdeal.Value, skShares[i].Value, skIdeal.Value)
 	}
 
-	prng, _ := utils.NewKeyedPRNG([]byte{'t', 'e', 's', 't'})
+	prng, _ := sampling.NewKeyedPRNG([]byte{'t', 'e', 's', 't'})
 	unifSampler := ring.NewUniformSampler(prng, params.RingQ())
 
 	return &testContext{params, kgen, skShares, skIdeal, unifSampler, prng}
diff --git a/drlwe/keygen_cpk.go b/drlwe/keygen_cpk.go
index a8c1a0c3..b2bc4dc9 100644
--- a/drlwe/keygen_cpk.go
+++ b/drlwe/keygen_cpk.go
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe/ringqp"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // CKGProtocol is the structure storing the parameters and and precomputations for the collective key generation protocol.
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ type CKGProtocol struct {
 // shared with the receiver and the temporary buffers are reallocated. The receiver and the returned
 // CKGProtocol can be used concurrently.
 func (ckg *CKGProtocol) ShallowCopy() *CKGProtocol {
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ type CKGCRP ringqp.Poly
 
 // MarshalBinarySize returns the size in bytes that the object once marshalled into a binary form.
 func (share *CKGShare) MarshalBinarySize() int {
-	return share.Value.MarshalBinarySize64()
+	return share.Value.MarshalBinarySize()
 }
 
 // MarshalBinary encodes the object into a binary form on a newly allocated slice of bytes.
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ func (share *CKGShare) MarshalBinary() (data []byte, err error) {
 // MarshalBinaryInPlace encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
 // and returns the number of bytes written.
 func (share *CKGShare) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
-	return share.Value.Encode64(data)
+	return share.Value.Read(data)
 }
 
 // UnmarshalBinary decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func (share *CKGShare) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
 // UnmarshalBinaryInPlace decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
 // MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
 func (share *CKGShare) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
-	return share.Value.Decode64(data)
+	return share.Value.Write(data)
 }
 
 // NewCKGProtocol creates a new CKGProtocol instance
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func NewCKGProtocol(params rlwe.Parameters) *CKGProtocol {
 	ckg := new(CKGProtocol)
 	ckg.params = params
 	var err error
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
diff --git a/drlwe/keygen_gal.go b/drlwe/keygen_gal.go
index 13fe7264..0fbfc59e 100644
--- a/drlwe/keygen_gal.go
+++ b/drlwe/keygen_gal.go
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe/ringqp"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // GKGCRP is a type for common reference polynomials in the GaloisKey Generation protocol.
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ type GKGProtocol struct {
 // shared with the receiver and the temporary buffers are reallocated. The receiver and the returned
 // GKGProtocol can be used concurrently.
 func (gkg *GKGProtocol) ShallowCopy() *GKGProtocol {
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func NewGKGProtocol(params rlwe.Parameters) (gkg *GKGProtocol) {
 	gkg = new(GKGProtocol)
 	gkg.params = params
 
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ type GKGShare struct {
 
 // MarshalBinarySize returns the size in bytes that the object once marshalled into a binary form.
 func (share *GKGShare) MarshalBinarySize() int {
-	return 10 + share.Value[0][0].MarshalBinarySize64()*len(share.Value)*len(share.Value[0])
+	return 10 + share.Value[0][0].MarshalBinarySize()*len(share.Value)*len(share.Value[0])
 }
 
 // MarshalBinary encodes the object into a binary form on a newly allocated slice of bytes.
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ func (share *GKGShare) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 	var inc int
 	for i := range share.Value {
 		for _, el := range share.Value[i] {
-			if inc, err = el.Encode64(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+			if inc, err = el.Read(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 				return
 			}
 			ptr += inc
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ func (share *GKGShare) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error)
 		}
 
 		for j := range share.Value[i] {
-			if inc, err = share.Value[i][j].Decode64(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+			if inc, err = share.Value[i][j].Write(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 				return
 			}
 			ptr += inc
diff --git a/drlwe/keygen_relin.go b/drlwe/keygen_relin.go
index 8e3a3302..f7ce5c31 100644
--- a/drlwe/keygen_relin.go
+++ b/drlwe/keygen_relin.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe/ringqp"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // RKGProtocol is the structure storing the parameters and and precomputations for the collective relinearization key generation protocol.
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ type RKGProtocol struct {
 // RKGProtocol can be used concurrently.
 func (ekg *RKGProtocol) ShallowCopy() *RKGProtocol {
 	var err error
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func NewRKGProtocol(params rlwe.Parameters) *RKGProtocol {
 	rkg.params = params
 
 	var err error
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ type RKGShare struct {
 
 // MarshalBinarySize returns the size in bytes that the object once marshalled into a binary form.
 func (share *RKGShare) MarshalBinarySize() int {
-	return 2 + 2*share.Value[0][0][0].MarshalBinarySize64()*len(share.Value)*len(share.Value[0])
+	return 2 + 2*share.Value[0][0][0].MarshalBinarySize()*len(share.Value)*len(share.Value[0])
 }
 
 // MarshalBinary encodes the object into a binary form on a newly allocated slice of bytes.
@@ -350,12 +350,12 @@ func (share *RKGShare) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 	for i := range share.Value {
 		for _, el := range share.Value[i] {
 
-			if inc, err = el[0].Encode64(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+			if inc, err = el[0].Read(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 				return
 			}
 			ptr += inc
 
-			if inc, err = el[1].Encode64(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+			if inc, err = el[1].Read(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 				return
 			}
 			ptr += inc
@@ -393,12 +393,12 @@ func (share *RKGShare) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error)
 
 		for j := range share.Value[i] {
 
-			if inc, err = share.Value[i][j][0].Decode64(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+			if inc, err = share.Value[i][j][0].Write(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 				return
 			}
 			ptr += inc
 
-			if inc, err = share.Value[i][j][1].Decode64(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+			if inc, err = share.Value[i][j][1].Write(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 				return
 			}
 			ptr += inc
diff --git a/drlwe/keyswitch_pk.go b/drlwe/keyswitch_pk.go
index 63f522f1..a673f343 100644
--- a/drlwe/keyswitch_pk.go
+++ b/drlwe/keyswitch_pk.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // PCKSProtocol is the structure storing the parameters for the collective public key-switching.
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ type PCKSProtocol struct {
 // shared with the receiver and the temporary buffers are reallocated. The receiver and the returned
 // PCKSProtocol can be used concurrently.
 func (pcks *PCKSProtocol) ShallowCopy() *PCKSProtocol {
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ func NewPCKSProtocol(params rlwe.Parameters, sigmaSmudging float64) (pcks *PCKSP
 
 	pcks.buff = params.RingQ().NewPoly()
 
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ type PCKSShare struct {
 
 // MarshalBinarySize returns the size in bytes that the object once marshalled into a binary form.
 func (share *PCKSShare) MarshalBinarySize() int {
-	return share.Value[0].MarshalBinarySize64() + share.Value[1].MarshalBinarySize64()
+	return share.Value[0].MarshalBinarySize() + share.Value[1].MarshalBinarySize()
 }
 
 // MarshalBinary encodes the object into a binary form on a newly allocated slice of bytes.
@@ -148,11 +149,11 @@ func (share *PCKSShare) MarshalBinary() (data []byte, err error) {
 func (share *PCKSShare) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 
 	var inc int
-	if ptr, err = share.Value[0].Encode64(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+	if ptr, err = share.Value[0].Read(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if inc, err = share.Value[1].Encode64(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+	if inc, err = share.Value[1].Read(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ func (share *PCKSShare) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error)
 		share.Value[0] = new(ring.Poly)
 	}
 
-	if ptr, err = share.Value[0].Decode64(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+	if ptr, err = share.Value[0].Write(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -186,7 +187,7 @@ func (share *PCKSShare) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error)
 		share.Value[1] = new(ring.Poly)
 	}
 
-	if inc, err = share.Value[1].Decode64(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+	if inc, err = share.Value[1].Write(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
diff --git a/drlwe/keyswitch_sk.go b/drlwe/keyswitch_sk.go
index cf1ceee9..bba29c33 100644
--- a/drlwe/keyswitch_sk.go
+++ b/drlwe/keyswitch_sk.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // CKSProtocol is the structure storing the parameters and and precomputations for the collective key-switching protocol.
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ type CKSProtocol struct {
 // shared with the receiver and the temporary buffers are reallocated. The receiver and the returned
 // CKSProtocol can be used concurrently.
 func (cks *CKSProtocol) ShallowCopy() *CKSProtocol {
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ type CKSCRP ring.Poly
 func NewCKSProtocol(params rlwe.Parameters, sigmaSmudging float64) *CKSProtocol {
 	cks := new(CKSProtocol)
 	cks.params = params
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ func (ckss *CKSShare) Level() int {
 
 // MarshalBinarySize returns the size in bytes that the object once marshalled into a binary form.
 func (ckss *CKSShare) MarshalBinarySize() int {
-	return ckss.Value.MarshalBinarySize64()
+	return ckss.Value.MarshalBinarySize()
 }
 
 // MarshalBinary encodes a CKS share on a slice of bytes.
@@ -169,7 +170,7 @@ func (ckss *CKSShare) MarshalBinary() (data []byte, err error) {
 // MarshalBinaryInPlace encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
 // and returns the number of bytes written.
 func (ckss *CKSShare) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
-	return ckss.Value.Encode64(data)
+	return ckss.Value.Read(data)
 }
 
 // UnmarshalBinary decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary
@@ -186,5 +187,5 @@ func (ckss *CKSShare) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 		ckss.Value = new(ring.Poly)
 	}
 
-	return ckss.Value.Decode64(data)
+	return ckss.Value.Write(data)
 }
diff --git a/drlwe/threshold.go b/drlwe/threshold.go
index 0eea0f4f..9b0e6cd0 100644
--- a/drlwe/threshold.go
+++ b/drlwe/threshold.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe/ringqp"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // Thresholdizer is a type for generating secret-shares of ringqp.Poly types such that
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func NewThresholdizer(params rlwe.Parameters) *Thresholdizer {
 	thr.params = &params
 	thr.ringQP = params.RingQP()
 
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("could not initialize PRNG: %s", err))
 	}
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ func (cmb *Combiner) lagrangeCoeff(thisKey ShamirPublicPoint, thatKey ShamirPubl
 
 // MarshalBinarySize returns the size in bytes that the object once marshalled into a binary form.
 func (s *ShamirSecretShare) MarshalBinarySize() int {
-	return s.Poly.MarshalBinarySize64()
+	return s.Poly.MarshalBinarySize()
 }
 
 // MarshalBinary encodes the object into a binary form on a newly allocated slice of bytes.
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ func (s *ShamirSecretShare) MarshalBinary() (data []byte, err error) {
 // MarshalBinaryInPlace encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
 // and returns the number of bytes written.
 func (s *ShamirSecretShare) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
-	return s.Poly.Encode64(data)
+	return s.Poly.Read(data)
 }
 
 // UnmarshalBinary decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary
@@ -199,5 +199,5 @@ func (s *ShamirSecretShare) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
 // UnmarshalBinaryInPlace decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
 // MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
 func (s *ShamirSecretShare) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
-	return s.Poly.Decode64(data)
+	return s.Poly.Write(data)
 }
diff --git a/examples/bfv/main.go b/examples/bfv/main.go
index 3b6ee294..53c3b73e 100644
--- a/examples/bfv/main.go
+++ b/examples/bfv/main.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"math/bits"
 
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/bfv"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ func obliviousRiding() {
 		nbDrivers, maxvalue, maxvalue)
 	fmt.Println()
 
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
diff --git a/examples/ckks/bootstrapping/main.go b/examples/ckks/bootstrapping/main.go
index 9ab22657..619f348d 100644
--- a/examples/ckks/bootstrapping/main.go
+++ b/examples/ckks/bootstrapping/main.go
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ckks"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ckks/bootstrapping"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 var flagShort = flag.Bool("short", false, "run the example with a smaller and insecure ring degree.")
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ func main() {
 	// Generate a random plaintext with values uniformly distributed in [-1, 1] for the real and imaginary part.
 	valuesWant := make([]complex128, params.Slots())
 	for i := range valuesWant {
-		valuesWant[i] = utils.RandComplex128(-1, 1)
+		valuesWant[i] = sampling.RandComplex128(-1, 1)
 	}
 
 	plaintext := encoder.EncodeNew(valuesWant, params.MaxLevel(), params.DefaultScale(), params.LogSlots())
diff --git a/examples/ckks/polyeval/main.go b/examples/ckks/polyeval/main.go
index 4c85aecf..406c700a 100644
--- a/examples/ckks/polyeval/main.go
+++ b/examples/ckks/polyeval/main.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ckks"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 func chebyshevinterpolation() {
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func chebyshevinterpolation() {
 	// Values to encrypt
 	values := make([]float64, params.Slots())
 	for i := range values {
-		values[i] = utils.RandFloat64(-8, 8)
+		values[i] = sampling.RandFloat64(-8, 8)
 	}
 
 	fmt.Printf("CKKS parameters: logN = %d, logQ = %d, levels = %d, scale= %f, sigma = %f \n",
diff --git a/examples/dbfv/pir/main.go b/examples/dbfv/pir/main.go
index 1cd5482a..113a10eb 100644
--- a/examples/dbfv/pir/main.go
+++ b/examples/dbfv/pir/main.go
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/dbfv"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/drlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 func check(err error) {
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ func main() {
 	}
 
 	// Common reference polynomial generator that uses the PRNG
-	crs, err := utils.NewKeyedPRNG([]byte{'l', 'a', 't', 't', 'i', 'g', 'o'})
+	crs, err := sampling.NewKeyedPRNG([]byte{'l', 'a', 't', 't', 'i', 'g', 'o'})
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ func genparties(params bfv.Parameters, N int) []*party {
 	return P
 }
 
-func ckgphase(params bfv.Parameters, crs utils.PRNG, P []*party) *rlwe.PublicKey {
+func ckgphase(params bfv.Parameters, crs sampling.PRNG, P []*party) *rlwe.PublicKey {
 
 	l := log.New(os.Stderr, "", 0)
 
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ func ckgphase(params bfv.Parameters, crs utils.PRNG, P []*party) *rlwe.PublicKey
 	return pk
 }
 
-func rkgphase(params bfv.Parameters, crs utils.PRNG, P []*party) *rlwe.RelinearizationKey {
+func rkgphase(params bfv.Parameters, crs sampling.PRNG, P []*party) *rlwe.RelinearizationKey {
 	l := log.New(os.Stderr, "", 0)
 
 	l.Println("> RKG Phase")
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ func rkgphase(params bfv.Parameters, crs utils.PRNG, P []*party) *rlwe.Relineari
 	return rlk
 }
 
-func gkgphase(params bfv.Parameters, crs utils.PRNG, P []*party) (galKeys []*rlwe.GaloisKey) {
+func gkgphase(params bfv.Parameters, crs sampling.PRNG, P []*party) (galKeys []*rlwe.GaloisKey) {
 
 	l := log.New(os.Stderr, "", 0)
 
diff --git a/examples/dbfv/psi/main.go b/examples/dbfv/psi/main.go
index 615ee6a3..10767f3d 100644
--- a/examples/dbfv/psi/main.go
+++ b/examples/dbfv/psi/main.go
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/dbfv"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/drlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 func check(err error) {
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func main() {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 
-	crs, err := utils.NewKeyedPRNG([]byte{'l', 'a', 't', 't', 'i', 'g', 'o'})
+	crs, err := sampling.NewKeyedPRNG([]byte{'l', 'a', 't', 't', 'i', 'g', 'o'})
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ func genInputs(params bfv.Parameters, P []*party) (expRes []uint64) {
 
 		pi.input = make([]uint64, params.N())
 		for i := range pi.input {
-			if utils.RandFloat64(0, 1) > 0.3 || i == 4 {
+			if sampling.RandFloat64(0, 1) > 0.3 || i == 4 {
 				pi.input[i] = 1
 			}
 			expRes[i] *= pi.input[i]
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ func pcksPhase(params bfv.Parameters, tpk *rlwe.PublicKey, encRes *rlwe.Cipherte
 	return
 }
 
-func rkgphase(params bfv.Parameters, crs utils.PRNG, P []*party) *rlwe.RelinearizationKey {
+func rkgphase(params bfv.Parameters, crs sampling.PRNG, P []*party) *rlwe.RelinearizationKey {
 	l := log.New(os.Stderr, "", 0)
 
 	l.Println("> RKG Phase")
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ func rkgphase(params bfv.Parameters, crs utils.PRNG, P []*party) *rlwe.Relineari
 	return rlk
 }
 
-func ckgphase(params bfv.Parameters, crs utils.PRNG, P []*party) *rlwe.PublicKey {
+func ckgphase(params bfv.Parameters, crs sampling.PRNG, P []*party) *rlwe.PublicKey {
 
 	l := log.New(os.Stderr, "", 0)
 
diff --git a/examples/drlwe/thresh_eval_key_gen/main.go b/examples/drlwe/thresh_eval_key_gen/main.go
index 5d70b005..4199d4b2 100644
--- a/examples/drlwe/thresh_eval_key_gen/main.go
+++ b/examples/drlwe/thresh_eval_key_gen/main.go
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/drlwe"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // This example showcases the use of the drlwe package to generate an evaluation key in a multiparty setting.
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ func (p *party) Run(wg *sync.WaitGroup, params rlwe.Parameters, N int, P []*part
 			p.GenShare(sk, galEl, crp[galEl], rtgShare)
 			C.aggTaskQueue <- genTaskResult{galEl: galEl, rtgShare: rtgShare}
 			nShares++
-			byteSent += len(rtgShare.Value) * len(rtgShare.Value[0]) * rtgShare.Value[0][0].MarshalBinarySize64()
+			byteSent += len(rtgShare.Value) * len(rtgShare.Value[0]) * rtgShare.Value[0][0].MarshalBinarySize()
 		}
 		nTasks++
 		cpuTime += time.Since(start)
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ func (c *cloud) Run(galEls []uint64, params rlwe.Parameters, t int) {
 		}
 		i++
 		cpuTime += time.Since(start)
-		byteRecv += len(acc.share.Value) * len(acc.share.Value[0]) * acc.share.Value[0][0].MarshalBinarySize64()
+		byteRecv += len(acc.share.Value) * len(acc.share.Value[0]) * acc.share.Value[0][0].MarshalBinarySize()
 	}
 	close(c.finDone)
 	fmt.Printf("\tCloud finished aggregating %d shares in %s, received %s\n", i, cpuTime, formatByteSize(byteRecv))
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ func main() {
 
 	kg := rlwe.NewKeyGenerator(params)
 
-	crs, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	crs, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
diff --git a/examples/main_test.go b/examples/main_test.go
index 3c5c1636..0acb67d1 100644
--- a/examples/main_test.go
+++ b/examples/main_test.go
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/buffer"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 func Benchmark(b *testing.B) {
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ func Benchmark(b *testing.B) {
 		b.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		b.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -40,9 +41,9 @@ func Benchmark(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 	})
 
-	b.Run("WriteTo(utils.Writer)", func(b *testing.B) {
+	b.Run("WriteTo(buffer.Writer)", func(b *testing.B) {
 		writer := NewWriter(pol.MarshalBinarySize())
-		w := utils.NewWriter(writer)
+		w := buffer.NewWriter(writer)
 		b.ResetTimer()
 		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 			if _, err = pol.WriteTo(w); err != nil {
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ func Benchmark(b *testing.B) {
 
 		writer := NewWriter(pol.MarshalBinarySize())
 
-		w := utils.NewWriter(writer)
+		w := buffer.NewWriter(writer)
 
 		if _, err = pol.WriteTo(w); err != nil {
 			b.Fatal(err)
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ func Benchmark(b *testing.B) {
 
 		reader := NewReader(writer.buff)
 
-		r := utils.NewReader(reader)
+		r := buffer.NewReader(reader)
 
 		b.ResetTimer()
 		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
diff --git a/examples/ring/vOLE/main.go b/examples/ring/vOLE/main.go
index f1464d12..f5432d4f 100644
--- a/examples/ring/vOLE/main.go
+++ b/examples/ring/vOLE/main.go
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // Vectorized oblivious evaluation is a two-party protocol for the function f(x) = ax + b where a sender
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ func main() {
 
 		fmt.Printf("Params : n=%d logN=%d qlevel=%d plevel=%d mlevel=%d\n", n, param.logN, qlevel, plevel, mlevel)
 
-		prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+		prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(err)
 		}
diff --git a/utils/factorization/factorization.go b/utils/factorization/factorization.go
index 14631900..c5d4e769 100644
--- a/utils/factorization/factorization.go
+++ b/utils/factorization/factorization.go
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// Package factorization implements various algorithms for efficient factoring integers of small to medium size.
 package factorization
 
 import (
diff --git a/utils/sampling/sampling.go b/utils/sampling/sampling.go
index 028ed8c3..b8e0fb5c 100644
--- a/utils/sampling/sampling.go
+++ b/utils/sampling/sampling.go
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// Package sampling implements secure sanmpling bytes and integers.
 package sampling
 
 import (
diff --git a/utils/utils.go b/utils/utils.go
index ca93d493..4ad1cca7 100644
--- a/utils/utils.go
+++ b/utils/utils.go
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// Package utils implements various helper functions.
 package utils
 
 import (