diff --git a/bfv/params.go b/bfv/params.go
index 95b2727d..4b2b43d4 100644
--- a/bfv/params.go
+++ b/bfv/params.go
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ func (p Parameters) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error) {
 	// len(rlweBytes) : RLWE parameters
 	// 8 byte : T
 	var tBytes [8]byte
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(tBytes[:], p.T())
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(tBytes[:], p.T())
 	data := append(rlweBytes, tBytes[:]...)
 	return data, nil
 }
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ func (p *Parameters) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	t := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(data[len(data)-8:])
+	t := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(data[len(data)-8:])
 
 	if p.ringT, err = ring.NewRing(p.N(), []uint64{t}); err != nil {
 		return err
diff --git a/bgv/params.go b/bgv/params.go
index 1d002c8d..e75cc71b 100644
--- a/bgv/params.go
+++ b/bgv/params.go
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ func (p Parameters) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error) {
 	// len(rlweBytes) : RLWE parameters
 	// 8 byte : T
 	var tBytes [8]byte
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(tBytes[:], p.T())
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(tBytes[:], p.T())
 	data := append(rlweBytes, tBytes[:]...)
 	return data, nil
 }
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ func (p *Parameters) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	t := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(data[len(data)-8:])
+	t := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(data[len(data)-8:])
 
 	if p.ringT, err = ring.NewRing(p.N(), []uint64{t}); err != nil {
 		return err
diff --git a/ring/poly.go b/ring/poly.go
index 01c06e5b..5174888d 100644
--- a/ring/poly.go
+++ b/ring/poly.go
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"fmt"
 
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/buffer"
 )
 
 // Poly is the structure that contains the coefficients of a polynomial.
@@ -114,42 +114,42 @@ func (pol *Poly) Equals(other *Poly) bool {
 }
 
 // MarshalBinarySize returns the size in bytes that the object once marshalled into a binary form.
-func MarshalBinarySize(N, Level int) (cnt int) {
+func MarshalBinarySize(N, Level int) (size int) {
 	return 5 + N*(Level+1)<<3
 }
 
 // MarshalBinarySize returns the size in bytes that the object once marshalled into a binary form.
 // Assumes that each coefficient takes 8 bytes.
-func (pol *Poly) MarshalBinarySize() (cnt int) {
+func (pol *Poly) MarshalBinarySize() (size int) {
 	return MarshalBinarySize(pol.N(), pol.Level())
 }
 
 // MarshalBinary encodes the object into a binary form on a newly allocated slice of bytes.
 func (pol *Poly) MarshalBinary() (p []byte, err error) {
 	p = make([]byte, pol.MarshalBinarySize())
-	_, err = pol.Write(p)
+	_, err = pol.Read(p)
 	return
 }
 
 // UnmarshalBinary decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary
-// or MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object.
+// or Read on the object.
 func (pol *Poly) UnmarshalBinary(p []byte) (err error) {
 
-	N := int(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(p))
+	N := int(binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(p))
 	Level := int(p[4])
 
 	if size := MarshalBinarySize(N, Level); len(p) != size {
 		return fmt.Errorf("cannot UnmarshalBinary: len(p)=%d != %d", len(p), size)
 	}
 
-	if _, err = pol.Read(p); err != nil {
-		return err
+	if _, err = pol.Write(p); err != nil {
+		return
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (pol *Poly) WriteTo(w *utils.Writer) (n int, err error) {
+func (pol *Poly) WriteTo(w *buffer.Writer) (n int, err error) {
 
 	var inc int
 	if inc, err = w.WriteUint32(uint32(pol.N())); err != nil {
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ func (pol *Poly) WriteTo(w *utils.Writer) (n int, err error) {
 	return n, nil
 }
 
-func (pol *Poly) ReadFrom(r *utils.Reader) (n int, err error) {
+func (pol *Poly) ReadFrom(r *buffer.Reader) (n int, err error) {
 	var inc int
 
 	var NU32 uint32
@@ -232,27 +232,29 @@ func (pol *Poly) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 		return n, fmt.Errorf("cannot Read: len(p)=%d < %d", len(p), pol.MarshalBinarySize())
 	}
 
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(p, uint32(N))
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(p[n:], uint32(N))
+	n += 4
 
-	p[4] = uint8(Level)
+	p[n] = uint8(Level)
+	n++
 
 	coeffs := pol.Buff
 	NCoeffs := len(coeffs)
 
-	n = 5
-
 	for i, j := 0, n; i < NCoeffs; i, j = i+1, j+8 {
-		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(p[j:], coeffs[i])
+		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(p[j:], coeffs[i])
 	}
 
+	n += N * (Level + 1) << 3
+
 	return
 }
 
 // Write decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
+// Read on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
 func (pol *Poly) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 
-	N := int(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(p))
+	N := int(binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(p))
 	Level := int(p[4])
 
 	n = 5
@@ -269,14 +271,16 @@ func (pol *Poly) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 	NBuff := len(coeffs)
 
 	for i, j := 0, n; i < NBuff; i, j = i+1, j+8 {
-		coeffs[i] = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[j:])
+		coeffs[i] = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(p[j:])
 	}
 
+	n += N * (Level + 1) << 3
+
 	// Reslice
 	pol.Coeffs = make([][]uint64, Level+1)
 	for i := 0; i < Level+1; i++ {
 		pol.Coeffs[i] = pol.Buff[i*N : (i+1)*N]
 	}
 
-	return n, nil
+	return
 }
diff --git a/ring/ring_sampler_uniform.go b/ring/ring_sampler_uniform.go
index 0568c817..5c080fa3 100644
--- a/ring/ring_sampler_uniform.go
+++ b/ring/ring_sampler_uniform.go
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package ring
 import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // UniformSampler wraps a util.PRNG and represents the state of a sampler of uniform polynomials.
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ type UniformSampler struct {
 }
 
 // NewUniformSampler creates a new instance of UniformSampler from a PRNG and ring definition.
-func NewUniformSampler(prng utils.PRNG, baseRing *Ring) *UniformSampler {
+func NewUniformSampler(prng sampling.PRNG, baseRing *Ring) *UniformSampler {
 	uniformSampler := new(UniformSampler)
 	uniformSampler.baseRing = baseRing
 	uniformSampler.prng = prng
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ func (u *UniformSampler) Read(pol *Poly) {
 				}
 
 				// Reads bytes from the buff
-				randomUint = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(buffer[ptr:ptr+8]) & mask
+				randomUint = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(buffer[ptr:ptr+8]) & mask
 				ptr += 8
 
 				// If the integer is between [0, qi-1], breaks the loop
@@ -86,13 +86,13 @@ func (u *UniformSampler) ReadNew() (Pol *Poly) {
 	return
 }
 
-func (u *UniformSampler) WithPRNG(prng utils.PRNG) *UniformSampler {
+func (u *UniformSampler) WithPRNG(prng sampling.PRNG) *UniformSampler {
 	return &UniformSampler{baseSampler: baseSampler{prng: prng, baseRing: u.baseRing}, randomBufferN: u.randomBufferN}
 }
 
 // RandUniform samples a uniform randomInt variable in the range [0, mask] until randomInt is in the range [0, v-1].
 // mask needs to be of the form 2^n -1.
-func RandUniform(prng utils.PRNG, v uint64, mask uint64) (randomInt uint64) {
+func RandUniform(prng sampling.PRNG, v uint64, mask uint64) (randomInt uint64) {
 	for {
 		randomInt = randInt64(prng, mask)
 		if randomInt < v {
@@ -102,28 +102,28 @@ func RandUniform(prng utils.PRNG, v uint64, mask uint64) (randomInt uint64) {
 }
 
 // randInt32 samples a uniform variable in the range [0, mask], where mask is of the form 2^n-1, with n in [0, 32].
-func randInt32(prng utils.PRNG, mask uint64) uint64 {
+func randInt32(prng sampling.PRNG, mask uint64) uint64 {
 
 	// generate random 4 bytes
 	randomBytes := make([]byte, 4)
 	prng.Read(randomBytes)
 
 	// convert 4 bytes to a uint32
-	randomUint32 := uint64(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(randomBytes))
+	randomUint32 := uint64(binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(randomBytes))
 
 	// return required bits
 	return mask & randomUint32
 }
 
 // randInt64 samples a uniform variable in the range [0, mask], where mask is of the form 2^n-1, with n in [0, 64].
-func randInt64(prng utils.PRNG, mask uint64) uint64 {
+func randInt64(prng sampling.PRNG, mask uint64) uint64 {
 
 	// generate random 8 bytes
 	randomBytes := make([]byte, 8)
 	prng.Read(randomBytes)
 
 	// convert 8 bytes to a uint64
-	randomUint64 := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(randomBytes)
+	randomUint64 := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(randomBytes)
 
 	// return required bits
 	return mask & randomUint64
diff --git a/ring/ring_test.go b/ring/ring_test.go
index 928a9128..5524f2f2 100644
--- a/ring/ring_test.go
+++ b/ring/ring_test.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ func testString(opname string, ringQ *Ring) string {
 type testParams struct {
 	ringQ           *Ring
 	ringP           *Ring
-	prng            utils.PRNG
+	prng            sampling.PRNG
 	uniformSamplerQ *UniformSampler
 	uniformSamplerP *UniformSampler
 }
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func genTestParams(defaultParams Parameters) (tc *testParams, err error) {
 	if tc.ringP, err = NewRing(1<<defaultParams.logN, defaultParams.pi); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	if tc.prng, err = utils.NewPRNG(); err != nil {
+	if tc.prng, err = sampling.NewPRNG(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	tc.uniformSamplerQ = NewUniformSampler(tc.prng, tc.ringQ)
@@ -176,14 +176,14 @@ func testPRNG(tc *testParams, t *testing.T) {
 
 		var err error
 
-		var prng1, prng2 utils.PRNG
+		var prng1, prng2 sampling.PRNG
 
-		if prng1, err = utils.NewKeyedPRNG(nil); err != nil {
-			t.Error(err)
+		if prng1, err = sampling.NewKeyedPRNG(nil); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 
-		if prng2, err = utils.NewKeyedPRNG(nil); err != nil {
-			t.Error(err)
+		if prng2, err = sampling.NewKeyedPRNG(nil); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 
 		crsGenerator1 := NewUniformSampler(prng1, tc.ringQ)
@@ -307,12 +307,12 @@ func testMarshalBinary(tc *testParams, t *testing.T) {
 
 		var data []byte
 		if data, err = tc.ringQ.MarshalBinary(); err != nil {
-			t.Error(err)
+			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 
 		ringQTest := new(Ring)
 		if err = ringQTest.UnmarshalBinary(data); err != nil {
-			t.Error(err)
+			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 
 		require.Equal(t, ringQTest, tc.ringQ)
@@ -326,12 +326,12 @@ func testMarshalBinary(tc *testParams, t *testing.T) {
 
 		var data []byte
 		if data, err = p.MarshalBinary(); err != nil {
-			t.Error(err)
+			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 
 		pTest := new(Poly)
 		if err = pTest.UnmarshalBinary(data); err != nil {
-			t.Error(err)
+			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 
 		for i := range tc.ringQ.SubRings {
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ func testTernarySampler(tc *testParams, t *testing.T) {
 	for _, p := range []float64{.5, 1. / 3., 128. / 65536.} {
 		t.Run(testString(fmt.Sprintf("TernarySampler/p=%1.2f", p), tc.ringQ), func(t *testing.T) {
 
-			prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+			prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 			if err != nil {
 				panic(err)
 			}
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ func testTernarySampler(tc *testParams, t *testing.T) {
 	for _, p := range []int{0, 64, 96, 128, 256} {
 		t.Run(testString(fmt.Sprintf("TernarySampler/hw=%d", p), tc.ringQ), func(t *testing.T) {
 
-			prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+			prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 			if err != nil {
 				panic(err)
 			}
diff --git a/ring/sampler.go b/ring/sampler.go
index a6dc0f4c..004f408b 100644
--- a/ring/sampler.go
+++ b/ring/sampler.go
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 package ring
 
 import (
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 const precision = uint64(56)
 
 type baseSampler struct {
-	prng     utils.PRNG
+	prng     sampling.PRNG
 	baseRing *Ring
 }
 
diff --git a/ring/sampler_gaussian.go b/ring/sampler_gaussian.go
index b3177723..0cb67f11 100644
--- a/ring/sampler_gaussian.go
+++ b/ring/sampler_gaussian.go
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"math"
 
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // GaussianSampler keeps the state of a truncated Gaussian polynomial sampler.
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ type GaussianSampler struct {
 // NewGaussianSampler creates a new instance of GaussianSampler from a PRNG, a ring definition and the truncated
 // Gaussian distribution parameters. Sigma is the desired standard deviation and bound is the maximum coefficient norm in absolute
 // value.
-func NewGaussianSampler(prng utils.PRNG, baseRing *Ring, sigma float64, bound int) (g *GaussianSampler) {
+func NewGaussianSampler(prng sampling.PRNG, baseRing *Ring, sigma float64, bound int) (g *GaussianSampler) {
 	g = new(GaussianSampler)
 	g.prng = prng
 	g.randomBufferN = make([]byte, 1024)
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ func (g *GaussianSampler) read(pol *Poly, r *Ring, sigma float64, bound int) {
 
 // randFloat64 returns a uniform float64 value between 0 and 1.
 func randFloat64(randomBytes []byte) float64 {
-	return float64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(randomBytes)&0x1fffffffffffff) / float64(0x1fffffffffffff)
+	return float64(binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(randomBytes)&0x1fffffffffffff) / float64(0x1fffffffffffff)
 }
 
 // NormFloat64 returns a normally distributed float64 in
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ func (g *GaussianSampler) normFloat64() (float64, uint64) {
 			g.ptr = 0
 		}
 
-		juint32 := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(g.randomBufferN[g.ptr : g.ptr+4])
+		juint32 := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(g.randomBufferN[g.ptr : g.ptr+4])
 		g.ptr += 8
 
 		j := int32(juint32 & 0x7fffffff)
diff --git a/ring/sampler_ternary.go b/ring/sampler_ternary.go
index 4c5fc68a..d74ce0e1 100644
--- a/ring/sampler_ternary.go
+++ b/ring/sampler_ternary.go
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"math"
 	"math/bits"
 
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // TernarySampler keeps the state of a polynomial sampler in the ternary distribution.
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ type TernarySampler struct {
 // NewTernarySampler creates a new instance of TernarySampler from a PRNG, the ring definition and the distribution
 // parameters: p is the probability of a coefficient being 0, (1-p)/2 is the probability of 1 and -1. If "montgomery"
 // is set to true, polynomials read from this sampler are in Montgomery form.
-func NewTernarySampler(prng utils.PRNG, baseRing *Ring, p float64, montgomery bool) *TernarySampler {
+func NewTernarySampler(prng sampling.PRNG, baseRing *Ring, p float64, montgomery bool) *TernarySampler {
 	ternarySampler := new(TernarySampler)
 	ternarySampler.baseRing = baseRing
 	ternarySampler.prng = prng
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ func (ts *TernarySampler) AtLevel(level int) Sampler {
 // NewTernarySamplerWithHammingWeight creates a new instance of a fixed-hamming-weight TernarySampler from a PRNG, the ring definition and the desired
 // hamming weight for the output polynomials. If "montgomery" is set to true, polynomials read from this sampler
 // are in Montgomery form.
-func NewTernarySamplerWithHammingWeight(prng utils.PRNG, baseRing *Ring, hw int, montgomery bool) *TernarySampler {
+func NewTernarySamplerWithHammingWeight(prng sampling.PRNG, baseRing *Ring, hw int, montgomery bool) *TernarySampler {
 	ternarySampler := new(TernarySampler)
 	ternarySampler.baseRing = baseRing
 	ternarySampler.prng = prng
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ func (ts *TernarySampler) sampleSparse(pol *Poly) {
 }
 
 // kysampling uses the binary expansion and random bytes matrix to sample a discrete Gaussian value and its sign.
-func (ts *TernarySampler) kysampling(prng utils.PRNG, randomBytes []byte, pointer uint8, bytePointer, byteLength int) (uint64, uint64, []byte, uint8, int) {
+func (ts *TernarySampler) kysampling(prng sampling.PRNG, randomBytes []byte, pointer uint8, bytePointer, byteLength int) (uint64, uint64, []byte, uint8, int) {
 
 	var sign uint8
 
diff --git a/ring/subring.go b/ring/subring.go
index eb9a167b..1b3495f1 100644
--- a/ring/subring.go
+++ b/ring/subring.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"math/bits"
 
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/factorization"
 )
 
 // SubRing is a struct storing precomputation
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ func PrimitiveRoot(q uint64, factors []uint64) (uint64, []uint64, error) {
 		}
 	} else {
 
-		factorsBig := utils.GetFactors(new(big.Int).SetUint64(q - 1)) //Factor q-1, might be slow
+		factorsBig := factorization.GetFactors(new(big.Int).SetUint64(q - 1)) //Factor q-1, might be slow
 
 		factors = make([]uint64, len(factorsBig))
 		for i := range factors {
diff --git a/rlwe/ciphertext.go b/rlwe/ciphertext.go
index 799b0a0c..450e9010 100644
--- a/rlwe/ciphertext.go
+++ b/rlwe/ciphertext.go
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // Ciphertext is a generic type for RLWE ciphertexts.
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func NewCiphertextAtLevelFromPoly(level int, poly []*ring.Poly) (ct *Ciphertext)
 }
 
 // NewCiphertextRandom generates a new uniformly distributed Ciphertext of degree, level.
-func NewCiphertextRandom(prng utils.PRNG, params Parameters, degree, level int) (ciphertext *Ciphertext) {
+func NewCiphertextRandom(prng sampling.PRNG, params Parameters, degree, level int) (ciphertext *Ciphertext) {
 	ciphertext = NewCiphertext(params, degree, level)
 	PopulateElementRandom(prng, params, ciphertext)
 	return
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ func GetSmallestLargest(el0, el1 *Ciphertext) (smallest, largest *Ciphertext, sa
 }
 
 // PopulateElementRandom creates a new rlwe.Element with random coefficients.
-func PopulateElementRandom(prng utils.PRNG, params Parameters, ct *Ciphertext) {
+func PopulateElementRandom(prng sampling.PRNG, params Parameters, ct *Ciphertext) {
 	sampler := ring.NewUniformSampler(prng, params.RingQ()).AtLevel(ct.Level())
 	for i := range ct.Value {
 		sampler.Read(ct.Value[i])
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ func (ct *Ciphertext) MarshalBinarySize() (dataLen int) {
 	dataLen++
 
 	for _, ct := range ct.Value {
-		dataLen += ct.MarshalBinarySize64()
+		dataLen += ct.MarshalBinarySize()
 	}
 
 	dataLen += ct.MetaData.MarshalBinarySize()
@@ -226,29 +226,29 @@ func (ct *Ciphertext) MarshalBinarySize() (dataLen int) {
 // MarshalBinary encodes the object into a binary form on a newly allocated slice of bytes.
 func (ct *Ciphertext) MarshalBinary() (data []byte, err error) {
 	data = make([]byte, ct.MarshalBinarySize())
-	_, err = ct.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = ct.Read(data)
 	return
 }
 
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
+// Read encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
 // and returns the number of bytes written.
-func (ct *Ciphertext) MarshalBinaryInPlace(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+func (ct *Ciphertext) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 
 	if len(p) < ct.MarshalBinarySize() {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("cannot write: len(p) is too small")
 	}
 
-	if n, err = ct.MetaData.MarshalBinaryInPlace(p); err != nil {
+	if n, err = ct.MetaData.Read(p); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
-	p[n] = uint8(ct.Degree() + 1)
+	p[n] = uint8(ct.Degree())
 	n++
 
 	var inc int
 	for _, pol := range ct.Value {
 
-		if inc, err = pol.Encode64(p[n:]); err != nil {
+		if inc, err = pol.Read(p[n:]); err != nil {
 			return
 		}
 
@@ -261,27 +261,27 @@ func (ct *Ciphertext) MarshalBinaryInPlace(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 // UnmarshalBinary decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary
 // or MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object.
 func (ct *Ciphertext) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
-	_, err = ct.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = ct.Write(data)
 	return
 }
 
-// UnmarshalBinaryInPlace decodes a slice of bytes generated by Read on the object and returns
+// Write decodes a slice of bytes generated by Read on the object and returns
 // the number of bytes decoded (0<=len(p)<=n), as well as any error encountered
 // that caused the write to stop early. Unlike io.Writer, the method will not
 // return an error if n < len(p) as it is intended to be used this way.
-func (ct *Ciphertext) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+func (ct *Ciphertext) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 
-	if n, err = ct.MetaData.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(p); err != nil {
+	if n, err = ct.MetaData.Write(p); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
 	if degree := int(p[n]); ct.Value == nil {
-		ct.Value = make([]*ring.Poly, degree)
+		ct.Value = make([]*ring.Poly, degree+1)
 	} else {
-		if len(ct.Value) > degree {
-			ct.Value = ct.Value[:degree]
+		if len(ct.Value) > degree+1 {
+			ct.Value = ct.Value[:degree+1]
 		} else {
-			ct.Value = append(ct.Value, make([]*ring.Poly, degree-len(ct.Value))...)
+			ct.Value = append(ct.Value, make([]*ring.Poly, degree+1-len(ct.Value))...)
 		}
 	}
 	n++
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ func (ct *Ciphertext) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 			ct.Value[i] = new(ring.Poly)
 		}
 
-		if inc, err = ct.Value[i].Decode64(p[n:]); err != nil {
+		if inc, err = ct.Value[i].Write(p[n:]); err != nil {
 			return
 		}
 
diff --git a/rlwe/ciphertextQP.go b/rlwe/ciphertextQP.go
index b11bed06..381846f8 100644
--- a/rlwe/ciphertextQP.go
+++ b/rlwe/ciphertextQP.go
@@ -52,37 +52,37 @@ func (ct *CiphertextQP) CopyNew() *CiphertextQP {
 
 // MarshalBinarySize returns the size in bytes that the object once marshalled into a binary form.
 func (ct *CiphertextQP) MarshalBinarySize() int {
-	return ct.MetaData.MarshalBinarySize() + ct.Value[0].MarshalBinarySize64() + ct.Value[1].MarshalBinarySize64()
+	return ct.MetaData.MarshalBinarySize() + ct.Value[0].MarshalBinarySize() + ct.Value[1].MarshalBinarySize()
 }
 
 // MarshalBinary encodes the object into a binary form on a newly allocated slice of bytes.
 func (ct *CiphertextQP) MarshalBinary() (data []byte, err error) {
 	data = make([]byte, ct.MarshalBinarySize())
-	_, err = ct.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = ct.Read(data)
 	return
 }
 
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
+// Read encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
 // and returns the number of bytes written.
-func (ct *CiphertextQP) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+func (ct *CiphertextQP) Read(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 
 	if len(data) < ct.MarshalBinarySize() {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("cannote write: len(data) is too small")
 	}
 
-	if ptr, err = ct.MetaData.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data); err != nil {
+	if ptr, err = ct.MetaData.Read(data); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
 	var inc int
 
-	if inc, err = ct.Value[0].Encode64(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+	if inc, err = ct.Value[0].Read(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
 	ptr += inc
 
-	if inc, err = ct.Value[1].Encode64(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+	if inc, err = ct.Value[1].Read(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -94,27 +94,27 @@ func (ct *CiphertextQP) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 // UnmarshalBinary decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary
 // or MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object.
 func (ct *CiphertextQP) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
-	_, err = ct.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = ct.Write(data)
 	return
 }
 
-// UnmarshalBinaryInPlace decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
+// Write decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
 // MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
-func (ct *CiphertextQP) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+func (ct *CiphertextQP) Write(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 
-	if ptr, err = ct.MetaData.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data); err != nil {
+	if ptr, err = ct.MetaData.Write(data); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
 	var inc int
 
-	if inc, err = ct.Value[0].Decode64(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+	if inc, err = ct.Value[0].Write(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
 	ptr += inc
 
-	if inc, err = ct.Value[1].Decode64(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+	if inc, err = ct.Value[1].Write(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
diff --git a/rlwe/encryptor.go b/rlwe/encryptor.go
index 2bf8d2cf..3afaec63 100644
--- a/rlwe/encryptor.go
+++ b/rlwe/encryptor.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe/ringqp"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // Encryptor a generic RLWE encryption interface.
@@ -26,14 +27,14 @@ type Encryptor interface {
 // interface.
 type PRNGEncryptor interface {
 	Encryptor
-	WithPRNG(prng utils.PRNG) PRNGEncryptor
+	WithPRNG(prng sampling.PRNG) PRNGEncryptor
 }
 
 type encryptorBase struct {
 	params Parameters
 	*encryptorBuffers
 
-	prng            utils.PRNG
+	prng            sampling.PRNG
 	gaussianSampler *ring.GaussianSampler
 	ternarySampler  *ring.TernarySampler
 	basisextender   *ring.BasisExtender
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ func NewPRNGEncryptor(params Parameters, key *SecretKey) PRNGEncryptor {
 
 func newEncryptorBase(params Parameters) *encryptorBase {
 
-	prng, err := utils.NewPRNG()
+	prng, err := sampling.NewPRNG()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -453,7 +454,7 @@ func (enc *skEncryptor) ShallowCopy() Encryptor {
 
 // WithPRNG returns this encryptor with prng as its source of randomness for the uniform
 // element c1.
-func (enc skEncryptor) WithPRNG(prng utils.PRNG) PRNGEncryptor {
+func (enc skEncryptor) WithPRNG(prng sampling.PRNG) PRNGEncryptor {
 	encBase := enc.encryptorBase
 	encBase.uniformSampler = ringqp.NewUniformSampler(prng, *enc.params.RingQP())
 	return &skEncryptor{encBase, enc.sk}
diff --git a/rlwe/evaluationkey.go b/rlwe/evaluationkey.go
index 88206648..8d4507bf 100644
--- a/rlwe/evaluationkey.go
+++ b/rlwe/evaluationkey.go
@@ -46,25 +46,25 @@ func (evk *EvaluationKey) MarshalBinarySize() (dataLen int) {
 // MarshalBinary encodes the object into a binary form on a newly allocated slice of bytes.
 func (evk *EvaluationKey) MarshalBinary() (data []byte, err error) {
 	data = make([]byte, evk.MarshalBinarySize())
-	_, err = evk.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = evk.Read(data)
 	return
 }
 
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
+// Read encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
 // and returns the number of bytes written.
-func (evk *EvaluationKey) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
-	return evk.GadgetCiphertext.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+func (evk *EvaluationKey) Read(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+	return evk.GadgetCiphertext.Read(data)
 }
 
 // UnmarshalBinary decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary
-// or MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object.
+// or Read on the object.
 func (evk *EvaluationKey) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
-	_, err = evk.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = evk.Write(data)
 	return
 }
 
-// UnmarshalBinaryInPlace decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
-func (evk *EvaluationKey) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
-	return evk.GadgetCiphertext.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+// Write decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
+// Read on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
+func (evk *EvaluationKey) Write(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+	return evk.GadgetCiphertext.Write(data)
 }
diff --git a/rlwe/gadgetciphertext.go b/rlwe/gadgetciphertext.go
index e3b70f04..79dddd15 100644
--- a/rlwe/gadgetciphertext.go
+++ b/rlwe/gadgetciphertext.go
@@ -104,13 +104,13 @@ func (ct *GadgetCiphertext) MarshalBinarySize() (dataLen int) {
 // MarshalBinary encodes the object into a binary form on a newly allocated slice of bytes.
 func (ct *GadgetCiphertext) MarshalBinary() (data []byte, err error) {
 	data = make([]byte, ct.MarshalBinarySize())
-	_, err = ct.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = ct.Read(data)
 	return
 }
 
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
+// Read encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
 // and returns the number of bytes written.
-func (ct *GadgetCiphertext) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+func (ct *GadgetCiphertext) Read(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 
 	var inc int
 
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ func (ct *GadgetCiphertext) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err erro
 	for i := range ct.Value {
 		for _, el := range ct.Value[i] {
 
-			if inc, err = el.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+			if inc, err = el.Read(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 				return ptr, err
 			}
 			ptr += inc
@@ -133,15 +133,15 @@ func (ct *GadgetCiphertext) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err erro
 }
 
 // UnmarshalBinary decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary
-// or MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object.
+// or Read on the object.
 func (ct *GadgetCiphertext) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
-	_, err = ct.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = ct.Write(data)
 	return
 }
 
-// UnmarshalBinaryInPlace decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
-func (ct *GadgetCiphertext) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+// Write decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
+// Read on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
+func (ct *GadgetCiphertext) Write(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 
 	decompRNS := int(data[0])
 	decompBIT := int(data[1])
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ func (ct *GadgetCiphertext) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err er
 
 		for j := range ct.Value[i] {
 
-			if inc, err = ct.Value[i][j].UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+			if inc, err = ct.Value[i][j].Write(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 				return
 			}
 			ptr += inc
diff --git a/rlwe/galoiskey.go b/rlwe/galoiskey.go
index 11047f49..3ad6aca8 100644
--- a/rlwe/galoiskey.go
+++ b/rlwe/galoiskey.go
@@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ func (gk *GaloisKey) MarshalBinarySize() (dataLen int) {
 // MarshalBinary encodes the object into a binary form on a newly allocated slice of bytes.
 func (gk *GaloisKey) MarshalBinary() (data []byte, err error) {
 	data = make([]byte, gk.MarshalBinarySize())
-	_, err = gk.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = gk.Read(data)
 	return
 }
 
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
+// Read encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
 // and returns the number of bytes written.
-func (gk *GaloisKey) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+func (gk *GaloisKey) Read(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 
 	if len(data) < 16 {
 		return ptr, fmt.Errorf("cannot write: len(data) < 16")
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ func (gk *GaloisKey) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 	ptr += 8
 
 	var inc int
-	if inc, err = gk.EvaluationKey.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+	if inc, err = gk.EvaluationKey.Read(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -79,15 +79,15 @@ func (gk *GaloisKey) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 }
 
 // UnmarshalBinary decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary
-// or MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object.
+// or Read on the object.
 func (gk *GaloisKey) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
-	_, err = gk.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = gk.Write(data)
 	return
 }
 
-// UnmarshalBinaryInPlace decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
-func (gk *GaloisKey) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+// Write decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
+// Read on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
+func (gk *GaloisKey) Write(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 
 	if len(data) < 16 {
 		return ptr, fmt.Errorf("cannot read: len(data) < 16")
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ func (gk *GaloisKey) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 	ptr += 8
 
 	var inc int
-	if inc, err = gk.EvaluationKey.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+	if inc, err = gk.EvaluationKey.Write(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
diff --git a/rlwe/metadata.go b/rlwe/metadata.go
index a8a3be6a..b7349b2e 100644
--- a/rlwe/metadata.go
+++ b/rlwe/metadata.go
@@ -27,26 +27,26 @@ func (m *MetaData) MarshalBinarySize() int {
 // MarshalBinary encodes the object into a binary form on a newly allocated slice of bytes.
 func (m *MetaData) MarshalBinary() (data []byte, err error) {
 	data = make([]byte, m.MarshalBinarySize())
-	_, err = m.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = m.Read(data)
 	return
 }
 
 // UnmarshalBinary decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary
-// or MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object.
+// or Read on the object.
 func (m *MetaData) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
-	_, err = m.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = m.Write(data)
 	return
 }
 
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
+// Read encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
 // and returns the number of bytes written.
-func (m *MetaData) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+func (m *MetaData) Read(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 
 	if len(data) < m.MarshalBinarySize() {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("cannot write: len(data) is too small")
 	}
 
-	if ptr, err = m.Scale.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+	if ptr, err = m.Scale.Read(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
 
@@ -65,15 +65,15 @@ func (m *MetaData) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 	return
 }
 
-// UnmarshalBinaryInPlace decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
-func (m *MetaData) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+// Write decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
+// Read on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
+func (m *MetaData) Write(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 
 	if len(data) < m.MarshalBinarySize() {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("canoot read: len(data) is too small")
 	}
 
-	if ptr, err = m.Scale.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+	if ptr, err = m.Scale.Write(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
diff --git a/rlwe/params.go b/rlwe/params.go
index 054a89fd..4ffe144b 100644
--- a/rlwe/params.go
+++ b/rlwe/params.go
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe/ringqp"
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/buffer"
 )
 
 // MaxLogN is the log2 of the largest supported polynomial modulus degree.
@@ -670,7 +671,7 @@ func (p Parameters) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error) {
 	// 48 bytes: defaultScale
 	// 8 * (#Q) : Q
 	// 8 * (#P) : P
-	b := utils.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, p.MarshalBinarySize()))
+	b := buffer.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, p.MarshalBinarySize()))
 	b.WriteUint8(uint8(p.logN))
 	b.WriteUint8(uint8(len(p.qi)))
 	b.WriteUint8(uint8(len(p.pi)))
@@ -686,7 +687,7 @@ func (p Parameters) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error) {
 
 	data := make([]byte, p.defaultScale.MarshalBinarySize())
 
-	if _, err := p.defaultScale.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data); err != nil {
+	if _, err := p.defaultScale.Read(data); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -705,7 +706,7 @@ func (p *Parameters) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
 	if len(data) < 11 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid rlwe.Parameter serialization")
 	}
-	b := utils.NewBuffer(data)
+	b := buffer.NewBuffer(data)
 	logN := int(b.ReadUint8())
 	lenQ := int(b.ReadUint8())
 	lenP := int(b.ReadUint8())
@@ -721,7 +722,7 @@ func (p *Parameters) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
 	var defaultScale Scale
 	dataScale := make([]uint8, defaultScale.MarshalBinarySize())
 	b.ReadUint8Slice(dataScale)
-	if _, err = defaultScale.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(dataScale); err != nil {
+	if _, err = defaultScale.Write(dataScale); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
diff --git a/rlwe/plaintext.go b/rlwe/plaintext.go
index 88087e52..50c7ee24 100644
--- a/rlwe/plaintext.go
+++ b/rlwe/plaintext.go
@@ -67,30 +67,30 @@ func (pt *Plaintext) Copy(other *Plaintext) {
 
 // MarshalBinarySize returns the size in bytes that the object once marshalled into a binary form.
 func (pt *Plaintext) MarshalBinarySize() (dataLen int) {
-	return pt.MetaData.MarshalBinarySize() + pt.Value.MarshalBinarySize64()
+	return pt.MetaData.MarshalBinarySize() + pt.Value.MarshalBinarySize()
 }
 
 // MarshalBinary encodes the object into a binary form on a newly allocated slice of bytes.
 func (pt *Plaintext) MarshalBinary() (data []byte, err error) {
 	data = make([]byte, pt.MarshalBinarySize())
-	_, err = pt.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = pt.Read(data)
 	return
 }
 
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
+// Read encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
 // and returns the number of bytes written.
-func (pt *Plaintext) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+func (pt *Plaintext) Read(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 
 	if len(data) < pt.MarshalBinarySize() {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("cannot write: len(data) is too small")
 	}
 
-	if ptr, err = pt.MetaData.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data); err != nil {
+	if ptr, err = pt.MetaData.Read(data); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
 	var inc int
-	if inc, err = pt.Value.Encode64(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+	if inc, err = pt.Value.Read(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -100,17 +100,17 @@ func (pt *Plaintext) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 }
 
 // UnmarshalBinary decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary
-// or MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object.
+// or Read on the object.
 func (pt *Plaintext) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
-	_, err = pt.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = pt.Write(data)
 	return
 }
 
-// UnmarshalBinaryInPlace decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
-func (pt *Plaintext) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+// Write decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
+// Read on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
+func (pt *Plaintext) Write(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 
-	if ptr, err = pt.MetaData.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data); err != nil {
+	if ptr, err = pt.MetaData.Write(data); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ func (pt *Plaintext) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 	}
 
 	var inc int
-	if inc, err = pt.Value.Decode64(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
+	if inc, err = pt.Value.Write(data[ptr:]); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
diff --git a/rlwe/publickey.go b/rlwe/publickey.go
index 65ae13d8..837e6ed6 100644
--- a/rlwe/publickey.go
+++ b/rlwe/publickey.go
@@ -46,33 +46,33 @@ func (pk *PublicKey) CopyNew() *PublicKey {
 
 // MarshalBinarySize returns the size in bytes that the object once marshalled into a binary form.
 func (pk *PublicKey) MarshalBinarySize() (dataLen int) {
-	return pk.Value[0].MarshalBinarySize64() + pk.Value[1].MarshalBinarySize64() + pk.MetaData.MarshalBinarySize()
+	return pk.CiphertextQP.MarshalBinarySize()
 }
 
 // MarshalBinary encodes the object into a binary form on a newly allocated slice of bytes.
 func (pk *PublicKey) MarshalBinary() (data []byte, err error) {
 	data = make([]byte, pk.MarshalBinarySize())
-	if _, err = pk.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data); err != nil {
+	if _, err = pk.Read(data); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return
 }
 
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
+// Read encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
 // and returns the number of bytes written.
-func (pk *PublicKey) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
-	return pk.CiphertextQP.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+func (pk *PublicKey) Read(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+	return pk.CiphertextQP.Read(data)
 }
 
 // UnmarshalBinary decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary
-// or MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object.
+// or Read on the object.
 func (pk *PublicKey) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
-	_, err = pk.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = pk.Write(data)
 	return
 }
 
-// UnmarshalBinaryInPlace decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
-func (pk *PublicKey) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
-	return pk.CiphertextQP.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+// Write decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
+// Read on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
+func (pk *PublicKey) Write(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+	return pk.CiphertextQP.Write(data)
 }
diff --git a/rlwe/relinearizationkey.go b/rlwe/relinearizationkey.go
index 0327c88b..207ef754 100644
--- a/rlwe/relinearizationkey.go
+++ b/rlwe/relinearizationkey.go
@@ -33,21 +33,21 @@ func (rlk *RelinearizationKey) MarshalBinary() (data []byte, err error) {
 	return rlk.EvaluationKey.MarshalBinary()
 }
 
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
+// Read encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
 // and returns the number of bytes written.
-func (rlk *RelinearizationKey) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
-	return rlk.EvaluationKey.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+func (rlk *RelinearizationKey) Read(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+	return rlk.EvaluationKey.Read(data)
 }
 
 // UnmarshalBinary decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary
-// or MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object.
+// or Read on the object.
 func (rlk *RelinearizationKey) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
-	_, err = rlk.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = rlk.Write(data)
 	return
 }
 
-// UnmarshalBinaryInPlace decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
-func (rlk *RelinearizationKey) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
-	return rlk.EvaluationKey.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+// Write decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
+// Read on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
+func (rlk *RelinearizationKey) Write(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+	return rlk.EvaluationKey.Write(data)
 }
diff --git a/rlwe/ringqp/ringqp.go b/rlwe/ringqp/ringqp.go
index b2deb925..cfb200da 100644
--- a/rlwe/ringqp/ringqp.go
+++ b/rlwe/ringqp/ringqp.go
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package ringqp
 
 import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // Poly represents a polynomial in the ring of polynomial modulo Q*P.
@@ -502,25 +502,25 @@ func (r *Ring) ExtendBasisSmallNormAndCenter(polyInQ *ring.Poly, levelP int, pol
 	}
 }
 
-// MarshalBinarySize64 returns the length in byte of the target Poly.
-// Assumes that each coefficient uses 8 bytes.
-func (p *Poly) MarshalBinarySize64() (dataLen int) {
+// MarshalBinarySize returns the size in bytes that the object once marshalled into a binary form.
+// Assumes that each coefficient takes 8 bytes.
+func (p *Poly) MarshalBinarySize() (dataLen int) {
 
 	dataLen = 2
 
 	if p.Q != nil {
-		dataLen += p.Q.MarshalBinarySize64()
+		dataLen += p.Q.MarshalBinarySize()
 	}
 	if p.P != nil {
-		dataLen += p.P.MarshalBinarySize64()
+		dataLen += p.P.MarshalBinarySize()
 	}
 
 	return
 }
 
-// Encode64 writes a Poly on the input data.
-// Encodes each coefficient on 8 bytes.
-func (p *Poly) Encode64(data []byte) (pt int, err error) {
+// Read encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
+// and returns the number of bytes written.
+func (p *Poly) Read(data []byte) (n int, err error) {
 	var inc int
 
 	if p.Q != nil {
@@ -531,32 +531,31 @@ func (p *Poly) Encode64(data []byte) (pt int, err error) {
 		data[1] = 1
 	}
 
-	pt = 2
+	n = 2
 
 	if data[0] == 1 {
-		if inc, err = p.Q.Encode64(data[pt:]); err != nil {
+		if inc, err = p.Q.Read(data[n:]); err != nil {
 			return
 		}
-		pt += inc
+		n += inc
 	}
 
 	if data[1] == 1 {
-		if inc, err = p.P.Encode64(data[pt:]); err != nil {
+		if inc, err = p.P.Read(data[n:]); err != nil {
 			return
 		}
-		pt += inc
+		n += inc
 	}
 
 	return
 }
 
-// Decode64 decodes the input bytes on the target Poly.
-// Writes on pre-allocated coefficients.
-// Assumes that each coefficient is encoded on 8 bytes.
-func (p *Poly) Decode64(data []byte) (pt int, err error) {
+// Write decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
+// Read on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
+func (p *Poly) Write(data []byte) (n int, err error) {
 
 	var inc int
-	pt = 2
+	n = 2
 
 	if data[0] == 1 {
 
@@ -564,10 +563,10 @@ func (p *Poly) Decode64(data []byte) (pt int, err error) {
 			p.Q = new(ring.Poly)
 		}
 
-		if inc, err = p.Q.Decode64(data[pt:]); err != nil {
+		if inc, err = p.Q.Write(data[n:]); err != nil {
 			return
 		}
-		pt += inc
+		n += inc
 	}
 
 	if data[1] == 1 {
@@ -576,23 +575,26 @@ func (p *Poly) Decode64(data []byte) (pt int, err error) {
 			p.P = new(ring.Poly)
 		}
 
-		if inc, err = p.P.Decode64(data[pt:]); err != nil {
+		if inc, err = p.P.Write(data[n:]); err != nil {
 			return
 		}
-		pt += inc
+		n += inc
 	}
 
 	return
 }
 
-func (p *Poly) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error) {
-	b := make([]byte, p.MarshalBinarySize64())
-	_, err := p.Encode64(b)
-	return b, err
+// MarshalBinary encodes the object into a binary form on a newly allocated slice of bytes.
+func (p *Poly) MarshalBinary() (data []byte, err error) {
+	data = make([]byte, p.MarshalBinarySize())
+	_, err = p.Read(data)
+	return
 }
 
-func (p *Poly) UnmarshalBinary(b []byte) error {
-	_, err := p.Decode64(b)
+// UnmarshalBinary decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary
+// or Read on the object.
+func (p *Poly) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
+	_, err = p.Write(data)
 	return err
 }
 
@@ -602,7 +604,7 @@ type UniformSampler struct {
 }
 
 // NewUniformSampler instantiates a new UniformSampler from a given PRNG.
-func NewUniformSampler(prng utils.PRNG, r Ring) (s UniformSampler) {
+func NewUniformSampler(prng sampling.PRNG, r Ring) (s UniformSampler) {
 	if r.RingQ != nil {
 		s.samplerQ = ring.NewUniformSampler(prng, r.RingQ)
 	}
@@ -644,7 +646,7 @@ func (s UniformSampler) Read(p Poly) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (s UniformSampler) WithPRNG(prng utils.PRNG) UniformSampler {
+func (s UniformSampler) WithPRNG(prng sampling.PRNG) UniformSampler {
 	sp := UniformSampler{samplerQ: s.samplerQ.WithPRNG(prng)}
 	if s.samplerP != nil {
 		sp.samplerP = s.samplerP.WithPRNG(prng)
diff --git a/rlwe/rlwe_test.go b/rlwe/rlwe_test.go
index 047075fb..1d739856 100644
--- a/rlwe/rlwe_test.go
+++ b/rlwe/rlwe_test.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/rlwe/ringqp"
 
 	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/ring"
-	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 var flagParamString = flag.String("params", "", "specify the test cryptographic parameters as a JSON string. Overrides -short and -long.")
@@ -309,8 +309,8 @@ func testEncryptor(tc *TestContext, level int, t *testing.T) {
 		enc := NewPRNGEncryptor(params, sk)
 		ct := NewCiphertext(params, 1, level)
 
-		prng1, _ := utils.NewKeyedPRNG([]byte{'a', 'b', 'c'})
-		prng2, _ := utils.NewKeyedPRNG([]byte{'a', 'b', 'c'})
+		prng1, _ := sampling.NewKeyedPRNG([]byte{'a', 'b', 'c'})
+		prng2, _ := sampling.NewKeyedPRNG([]byte{'a', 'b', 'c'})
 
 		enc.WithPRNG(prng1).Encrypt(pt, ct)
 
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ func testGadgetProduct(tc *TestContext, level int, t *testing.T) {
 
 	ringQ := params.RingQ().AtLevel(level)
 
-	prng, _ := utils.NewKeyedPRNG([]byte{'a', 'b', 'c'})
+	prng, _ := sampling.NewKeyedPRNG([]byte{'a', 'b', 'c'})
 
 	sampler := ring.NewUniformSampler(prng, ringQ)
 
@@ -956,7 +956,7 @@ func testMarshaller(tc *TestContext, t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run(testString(params, params.MaxLevel(), "Marshaller/Plaintext"), func(t *testing.T) {
 
-		prng, _ := utils.NewPRNG()
+		prng, _ := sampling.NewPRNG()
 
 		plaintextWant := NewPlaintext(params, params.MaxLevel())
 		ring.NewUniformSampler(prng, params.RingQ()).Read(plaintextWant.Value)
@@ -973,7 +973,7 @@ func testMarshaller(tc *TestContext, t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run(testString(params, params.MaxLevel(), "Marshaller/Ciphertext"), func(t *testing.T) {
 
-		prng, _ := utils.NewPRNG()
+		prng, _ := sampling.NewPRNG()
 
 		for degree := 0; degree < 4; degree++ {
 			t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("degree=%d", degree), func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -997,7 +997,7 @@ func testMarshaller(tc *TestContext, t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run(testString(params, params.MaxLevel(), "Marshaller/CiphertextQP"), func(t *testing.T) {
 
-		prng, _ := utils.NewPRNG()
+		prng, _ := sampling.NewPRNG()
 
 		sampler := ringqp.NewUniformSampler(prng, *params.RingQP())
 
@@ -1020,7 +1020,7 @@ func testMarshaller(tc *TestContext, t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run(testString(params, params.MaxLevel(), "Marshaller/GadgetCiphertext"), func(t *testing.T) {
 
-		prng, _ := utils.NewPRNG()
+		prng, _ := sampling.NewPRNG()
 
 		sampler := ringqp.NewUniformSampler(prng, *params.RingQP())
 
diff --git a/rlwe/scale.go b/rlwe/scale.go
index 266c2d7f..829ec9a0 100644
--- a/rlwe/scale.go
+++ b/rlwe/scale.go
@@ -137,13 +137,13 @@ func (s Scale) MarshalBinarySize() int {
 // MarshalBinary encodes the object into a binary form on a newly allocated slice of bytes.
 func (s Scale) MarshalBinary() (data []byte, err error) {
 	data = make([]byte, s.MarshalBinarySize())
-	_, err = s.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = s.Read(data)
 	return
 }
 
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
+// Read encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
 // and returns the number of bytes written.
-func (s Scale) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+func (s Scale) Read(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 	var sBytes []byte
 	if sBytes, err = s.Value.MarshalText(); err != nil {
 		return
@@ -167,15 +167,15 @@ func (s Scale) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 }
 
 // UnmarshalBinary decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary
-// or MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object.
+// or Read on the object.
 func (s Scale) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
-	_, err = s.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = s.Write(data)
 	return
 }
 
-// UnmarshalBinaryInPlace decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
-func (s *Scale) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+// Write decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
+// Read on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
+func (s *Scale) Write(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
 
 	if dLen := s.MarshalBinarySize(); len(data) < dLen {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("cannot read: len(data) < %d", dLen)
diff --git a/rlwe/secretkey.go b/rlwe/secretkey.go
index 3f74d916..3f8cb33a 100644
--- a/rlwe/secretkey.go
+++ b/rlwe/secretkey.go
@@ -38,33 +38,33 @@ func (sk *SecretKey) CopyNew() *SecretKey {
 
 // MarshalBinarySize returns the size in bytes that the object once marshalled into a binary form.
 func (sk *SecretKey) MarshalBinarySize() (dataLen int) {
-	return sk.Value.MarshalBinarySize64()
+	return sk.Value.MarshalBinarySize()
 }
 
 // MarshalBinary encodes the object into a binary form on a newly allocated slice of bytes.
 func (sk *SecretKey) MarshalBinary() (data []byte, err error) {
 	data = make([]byte, sk.MarshalBinarySize())
-	if _, err = sk.MarshalBinaryInPlace(data); err != nil {
+	if _, err = sk.Read(data); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return
 }
 
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
+// Read encodes the object into a binary form on a preallocated slice of bytes
 // and returns the number of bytes written.
-func (sk *SecretKey) MarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
-	return sk.Value.Encode64(data)
+func (sk *SecretKey) Read(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+	return sk.Value.Read(data)
 }
 
 // UnmarshalBinary decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary
-// or MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object.
+// or Read on the object.
 func (sk *SecretKey) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) (err error) {
-	_, err = sk.UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data)
+	_, err = sk.Write(data)
 	return
 }
 
-// UnmarshalBinaryInPlace decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
-// MarshalBinaryInPlace on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
-func (sk *SecretKey) UnmarshalBinaryInPlace(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
-	return sk.Value.Decode64(data)
+// Write decodes a slice of bytes generated by MarshalBinary or
+// Read on the object and returns the number of bytes read.
+func (sk *SecretKey) Write(data []byte) (ptr int, err error) {
+	return sk.Value.Write(data)
 }
diff --git a/utils/buffer.go b/utils/buffer/buffer.go
similarity index 94%
rename from utils/buffer.go
rename to utils/buffer/buffer.go
index 9d26e037..5d7fccee 100644
--- a/utils/buffer.go
+++ b/utils/buffer/buffer.go
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-// Package utils contains helper structures and function
-package utils
+// Package buffer implements interfaces and structs for buffered read and write.
+package buffer
 
 // Buffer is a simple wrapper around a []byte to facilitate efficient marshalling of lattigo's objects
 type Buffer struct {
diff --git a/utils/buffer_test.go b/utils/buffer/buffer_test.go
similarity index 68%
rename from utils/buffer_test.go
rename to utils/buffer/buffer_test.go
index bc099988..ea5a746c 100644
--- a/utils/buffer_test.go
+++ b/utils/buffer/buffer_test.go
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
-// Package containing helper structures and function
-package utils
+package buffer_test
 
 import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/buffer"
 )
 
 func TestNewBuffer(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.Equal(t, []byte(nil), NewBuffer(nil).Bytes())
-	assert.Equal(t, []byte{}, NewBuffer([]byte{}).Bytes())
-	assert.Equal(t, []byte{1, 2, 3}, NewBuffer([]byte{1, 2, 3}).Bytes())
+	assert.Equal(t, []byte(nil), buffer.NewBuffer(nil).Bytes())
+	assert.Equal(t, []byte{}, buffer.NewBuffer([]byte{}).Bytes())
+	assert.Equal(t, []byte{1, 2, 3}, buffer.NewBuffer([]byte{1, 2, 3}).Bytes())
 }
 
 func TestBuffer_WriteReadUint8(t *testing.T) {
-	b := NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, 1))
+	b := buffer.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, 1))
 	b.WriteUint8(0xff)
 	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0xff}, b.Bytes())
 	assert.Equal(t, byte(0xff), b.ReadUint8())
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ func TestBuffer_WriteReadUint8(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestBuffer_WriteReadUint64(t *testing.T) {
-	b := NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, 8))
+	b := buffer.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, 8))
 	b.WriteUint64(0x1122334455667788)
 	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55, 0x66, 0x77, 0x88}, b.Bytes())
 	assert.Equal(t, uint64(0x1122334455667788), b.ReadUint64())
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func TestBuffer_WriteReadUint64(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestBuffer_WriteReadUint64Slice(t *testing.T) {
-	b := NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, 8))
+	b := buffer.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, 8))
 	b.WriteUint64Slice([]uint64{0x1122334455667788})
 	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55, 0x66, 0x77, 0x88}, b.Bytes())
 	s := make([]uint64, 1)
diff --git a/utils/marshaling.go b/utils/buffer/interface.go
similarity index 99%
rename from utils/marshaling.go
rename to utils/buffer/interface.go
index 5e0ae919..25ccc6c1 100644
--- a/utils/marshaling.go
+++ b/utils/buffer/interface.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package utils
+package buffer
 
 // BinaryMarshaler is an interface implemented by an object that can marshal itself into a binary form.
 type BinaryMarshaler interface {
diff --git a/utils/reader.go b/utils/buffer/reader.go
similarity index 99%
rename from utils/reader.go
rename to utils/buffer/reader.go
index be8c5ba5..602bec17 100644
--- a/utils/reader.go
+++ b/utils/buffer/reader.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package utils
+package buffer
 
 import (
 	"encoding/binary"
diff --git a/utils/writer.go b/utils/buffer/writer.go
similarity index 54%
rename from utils/writer.go
rename to utils/buffer/writer.go
index 1a686ec2..3f3e7f1e 100644
--- a/utils/writer.go
+++ b/utils/buffer/writer.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package utils
+package buffer
 
 import (
 	"encoding/binary"
@@ -6,22 +6,74 @@ import (
 	"io"
 )
 
+const (
+	DefaultWriterBufferSize = 1024
+)
+
+// Writer implements buffering for an io.Writer object.
+// If an error occurs writing to a Writer, no more data will be accepted and all subsequent writes, and Flush, will return the error.
+// After all data has been written, the client should call the Flush method to guarantee all data has been forwarded to the underlying io.Writer.
 type Writer struct {
 	io.Writer
 	buff []byte
 	n    int
+	err  error
 }
 
+// NewWriter returns a new Writer whose buffer has the default size DefaultWriterBufferSize.
+// If the argument io.Writer is already a Writer with large enough buffer size, it returns the underlying Writer.
 func NewWriter(w io.Writer) *Writer {
+	return NewWriterSize(w, DefaultWriterBufferSize)
+}
+
+// NewWriterSize returns a new Writer whose buffer has the specified size.
+func NewWriterSize(w io.Writer, size int) *Writer {
+
+	switch w := w.(type) {
+	case *Writer:
+		if w.Size() >= size {
+			return w
+		}
+	}
+
 	return &Writer{
 		Writer: w,
-		buff:   make([]byte, 1<<10), //1KB of buffer
+		buff:   make([]byte, size),
 		n:      0,
 	}
 }
 
+// Available returns how many bytes are unused in the buffer.
+func (w *Writer) Available() int {
+	return len(w.buff[w.n:])
+}
+
+// AvailableBuffer returns an empty buffer with b.Available() capacity.
+// This buffer is intended to be appended to and passed to an immediately succeeding Write call.
+// The buffer is only valid until the next write operation on b.
+func (w *Writer) AvailableBuffer() []byte {
+	return make([]byte, w.Available())
+}
+
+// Size returns the size of the underlying buffer in bytes.
+func (w *Writer) Size() int {
+	return len(w.buff)
+}
+
+// Buffered returns the number of bytes that have been written into the current buffer.
+func (w *Writer) Buffered() int {
+	return w.n
+}
+
+// Flush writes any buffered data to the underlying io.Writer.
 func (w *Writer) Flush() (err error) {
+
+	if w.err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot flush: previous error: %w", w.err)
+	}
+
 	if _, err = w.Writer.Write(w.buff[:w.n]); err != nil {
+		w.err = err
 		return fmt.Errorf("cannot flush: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -30,20 +82,44 @@ func (w *Writer) Flush() (err error) {
 	return
 }
 
+// Reset discards any unflushed buffered data, clears any error, and resets b to write its output to w.
+// Calling Reset on the zero value of Writer initializes the internal buffer to the default size.
+func (w *Writer) Reset() {
+	w.err = nil
+	buff := w.buff
+	for i := range buff {
+		buff[i] = 0
+	}
+	w.n = 0
+}
+
+// Write flushes the internal buffer on the io.Writer and writes p directly on the underlying io.Writer.
+// It returns the number of bytes written.
 func (w *Writer) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 
+	if w.err != nil {
+		return n, fmt.Errorf("cannot Write: previous error: %w", w.err)
+	}
+
 	// First we flush because we bypass the internal buffer
 	if err = w.Flush(); err != nil {
+		w.err = err
 		return
 	}
 
 	return w.Writer.Write(p)
 }
 
+// WriteUint8 writes a single uint8.
 func (w *Writer) WriteUint8(c uint8) (n int, err error) {
 
+	if w.err != nil {
+		return n, fmt.Errorf("cannot WriteUint8: previous error: %w", w.err)
+	}
+
 	if len(w.buff[w.n:]) < 1 {
 		if err = w.Flush(); err != nil {
+			w.err = err
 			return n, fmt.Errorf("cannot WriteUint8: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -55,14 +131,26 @@ func (w *Writer) WriteUint8(c uint8) (n int, err error) {
 	return 1, nil
 }
 
+// WriteUint8Slice writes a slice of uint8.
 func (w *Writer) WriteUint8Slice(c []uint8) (n int, err error) {
+
+	if w.err != nil {
+		return n, fmt.Errorf("cannot WriteUint8Slice: previous error: %w", w.err)
+	}
+
 	return w.Write(c)
 }
 
+// WriteUint16 writes a single uint16.
 func (w *Writer) WriteUint16(c uint16) (n int, err error) {
 
+	if w.err != nil {
+		return n, fmt.Errorf("cannot WriteUint16: previous error: %w", w.err)
+	}
+
 	if len(w.buff[w.n:]) < 2 {
 		if err = w.Flush(); err != nil {
+			w.err = err
 			return n, fmt.Errorf("cannot WriteUint16: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -74,8 +162,13 @@ func (w *Writer) WriteUint16(c uint16) (n int, err error) {
 	return 2, nil
 }
 
+// WriteUint16Slice writes a slice of uint16.
 func (w *Writer) WriteUint16Slice(c []uint16) (n int, err error) {
 
+	if w.err != nil {
+		return n, fmt.Errorf("cannot WriteUint16Slice: previous error: %w", w.err)
+	}
+
 	buff := w.buff[w.n:]
 
 	// Remaining available space in the internal buffer
@@ -111,16 +204,23 @@ func (w *Writer) WriteUint16Slice(c []uint16) (n int, err error) {
 	// Then recurses on itself with the remaining slice
 	var inc int
 	if inc, err = w.WriteUint16Slice(c[available:]); err != nil {
+		w.err = err
 		return n + inc, err
 	}
 
 	return n + inc, nil
 }
 
+// WriteUint32 writes a single uint32.
 func (w *Writer) WriteUint32(c uint32) (n int, err error) {
 
+	if w.err != nil {
+		return n, fmt.Errorf("cannot WriteUint32: previous error: %w", w.err)
+	}
+
 	if len(w.buff[w.n:]) < 4 {
 		if err = w.Flush(); err != nil {
+			w.err = err
 			return n, fmt.Errorf("cannot WriteUint32: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -132,8 +232,13 @@ func (w *Writer) WriteUint32(c uint32) (n int, err error) {
 	return 4, nil
 }
 
+// WriteUint32Slice writes a slice of uint32.
 func (w *Writer) WriteUint32Slice(c []uint32) (n int, err error) {
 
+	if w.err != nil {
+		return n, fmt.Errorf("cannot WriteUint32Slice: previous error: %w", w.err)
+	}
+
 	buff := w.buff[w.n:]
 
 	// Remaining available space in the internal buffer
@@ -169,16 +274,23 @@ func (w *Writer) WriteUint32Slice(c []uint32) (n int, err error) {
 	// Then recurses on itself with the remaining slice
 	var inc int
 	if inc, err = w.WriteUint32Slice(c[available:]); err != nil {
+		w.err = err
 		return n + inc, err
 	}
 
 	return n + inc, nil
 }
 
+// WriteUint64 writes a single uint64.
 func (w *Writer) WriteUint64(c uint64) (n int, err error) {
 
+	if w.err != nil {
+		return n, fmt.Errorf("cannot WriteUint64: previous error: %w", w.err)
+	}
+
 	if len(w.buff[w.n:]) < 8 {
 		if err = w.Flush(); err != nil {
+			w.err = err
 			return n, fmt.Errorf("cannot WriteUint64: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -190,8 +302,13 @@ func (w *Writer) WriteUint64(c uint64) (n int, err error) {
 	return 8, nil
 }
 
+// WriteUint64Slice writes a slice of uint64.
 func (w *Writer) WriteUint64Slice(c []uint64) (n int, err error) {
 
+	if w.err != nil {
+		return n, fmt.Errorf("cannot WriteUint64Slice: previous error: %w", w.err)
+	}
+
 	buff := w.buff[w.n:]
 
 	// Remaining available space in the internal buffer
@@ -227,6 +344,7 @@ func (w *Writer) WriteUint64Slice(c []uint64) (n int, err error) {
 	// Then recurses on itself with the remaining slice
 	var inc int
 	if inc, err = w.WriteUint64Slice(c[available:]); err != nil {
+		w.err = err
 		return n + inc, err
 	}
 
diff --git a/utils/factorization.go b/utils/factorization/factorization.go
similarity index 99%
rename from utils/factorization.go
rename to utils/factorization/factorization.go
index 555b1532..14631900 100644
--- a/utils/factorization.go
+++ b/utils/factorization/factorization.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package utils
+package factorization
 
 import (
 	"math"
diff --git a/utils/factorization/factorization_test.go b/utils/factorization/factorization_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..464c3840
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/factorization/factorization_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+package factorization_test
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/factorization"
+)
+
+func TestGetFactors(t *testing.T) {
+
+	m := new(big.Int).SetUint64(35184372088631)
+
+	t.Run("ECM", func(t *testing.T) {
+
+		factor := factorization.GetFactorECM(m)
+
+		if factor.Cmp(new(big.Int).SetUint64(6292343)) != 0 && factor.Cmp(new(big.Int).SetUint64(5591617)) != 0 {
+			t.Fail()
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("PollardRho", func(t *testing.T) {
+		factor := factorization.GetFactorPollardRho(m)
+
+		if factor.Cmp(new(big.Int).SetUint64(6292343)) != 0 && factor.Cmp(new(big.Int).SetUint64(5591617)) != 0 {
+			t.Fail()
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/utils/weierstrass.go b/utils/factorization/weierstrass.go
similarity index 94%
rename from utils/weierstrass.go
rename to utils/factorization/weierstrass.go
index 3ded8a56..b6d91e17 100644
--- a/utils/weierstrass.go
+++ b/utils/factorization/weierstrass.go
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-package utils
+package factorization
 
 import (
 	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 // Weierstrass is an elliptic curve y^2 = x^3 + ax + b mod N.
@@ -92,9 +94,9 @@ func NewRandomWeierstrassCurve(N *big.Int) (Weierstrass, Point) {
 	for {
 
 		// Select random values for A, xG and yG
-		A = RandInt(N)
-		xG = RandInt(N)
-		yG = RandInt(N)
+		A = sampling.RandInt(N)
+		xG = sampling.RandInt(N)
+		yG = sampling.RandInt(N)
 
 		// Deduces B from Y^2 = X^3 + A * X + B evaluated at point (xG, yG)
 		yGpow2 := new(big.Int).Mul(yG, yG)
diff --git a/utils/prng.go b/utils/sampling/prng.go
similarity index 99%
rename from utils/prng.go
rename to utils/sampling/prng.go
index 8585926b..87f4f9ca 100644
--- a/utils/prng.go
+++ b/utils/sampling/prng.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package utils
+package sampling
 
 import (
 	"crypto/rand"
diff --git a/utils/prng_test.go b/utils/sampling/prng_test.go
similarity index 78%
rename from utils/prng_test.go
rename to utils/sampling/prng_test.go
index aa914d31..35b7bfd1 100644
--- a/utils/prng_test.go
+++ b/utils/sampling/prng_test.go
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-package utils
+package sampling_test
 
 import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/tuneinsight/lattigo/v4/utils/sampling"
 )
 
 func Test_PRNG(t *testing.T) {
@@ -13,8 +14,8 @@ func Test_PRNG(t *testing.T) {
 		key := []byte{0x49, 0x0a, 0x42, 0x3d, 0x97, 0x9d, 0xc1, 0x07, 0xa1, 0xd7, 0xe9, 0x7b, 0x3b, 0xce, 0xa1, 0xdb,
 			0x42, 0xf3, 0xa6, 0xd5, 0x75, 0xd2, 0x0c, 0x92, 0xb7, 0x35, 0xce, 0x0c, 0xee, 0x09, 0x7c, 0x98}
 
-		Ha, _ := NewKeyedPRNG(key)
-		Hb, _ := NewKeyedPRNG(key)
+		Ha, _ := sampling.NewKeyedPRNG(key)
+		Hb, _ := sampling.NewKeyedPRNG(key)
 
 		sum0 := make([]byte, 512)
 		sum1 := make([]byte, 512)
diff --git a/utils/sampling/sampling.go b/utils/sampling/sampling.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..028ed8c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/sampling/sampling.go
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+package sampling
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// RandUint64 return a random value between 0 and 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.
+func RandUint64() uint64 {
+	b := []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
+	if _, err := rand.Read(b); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(b)
+}
+
+// RandFloat64 returns a random float between min and max.
+func RandFloat64(min, max float64) float64 {
+	b := []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
+	if _, err := rand.Read(b); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	f := float64(binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(b)) / 1.8446744073709552e+19
+	return min + f*(max-min)
+}
+
+// RandComplex128 returns a random complex with the real and imaginary part between min and max.
+func RandComplex128(min, max float64) complex128 {
+	return complex(RandFloat64(min, max), RandFloat64(min, max))
+}
+
+// RandInt generates a random Int in [0, max-1].
+func RandInt(max *big.Int) (n *big.Int) {
+	var err error
+	if n, err = rand.Int(rand.Reader, max); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return
+}
diff --git a/utils/utils.go b/utils/utils.go
index 2d658b6c..ca93d493 100644
--- a/utils/utils.go
+++ b/utils/utils.go
@@ -1,45 +1,9 @@
 package utils
 
 import (
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"math/big"
 	"math/bits"
 )
 
-// RandUint64 return a random value between 0 and 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.
-func RandUint64() uint64 {
-	b := []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
-	if _, err := rand.Read(b); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	return binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b)
-}
-
-// RandFloat64 returns a random float between min and max.
-func RandFloat64(min, max float64) float64 {
-	b := []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
-	if _, err := rand.Read(b); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	f := float64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b)) / 1.8446744073709552e+19
-	return min + f*(max-min)
-}
-
-// RandComplex128 returns a random complex with the real and imaginary part between min and max.
-func RandComplex128(min, max float64) complex128 {
-	return complex(RandFloat64(min, max), RandFloat64(min, max))
-}
-
-// RandInt generates a random Int in [0, max-1].
-func RandInt(max *big.Int) (n *big.Int) {
-	var err error
-	if n, err = rand.Int(rand.Reader, max); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	return
-}
-
 // EqualSliceUint64 checks the equality between two uint64 slices.
 func EqualSliceUint64(a, b []uint64) (v bool) {
 	v = true
diff --git a/utils/utils_test.go b/utils/utils_test.go
index ea5d8eba..53618cb9 100644
--- a/utils/utils_test.go
+++ b/utils/utils_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package utils
 
 import (
-	"math/big"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
@@ -44,25 +43,3 @@ func TestRotateUint64(t *testing.T) {
 	RotateUint64SliceAllocFree(s, -2, s)
 	require.Equal(t, []uint64{7, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, s)
 }
-
-func TestGetFactors(t *testing.T) {
-
-	m := new(big.Int).SetUint64(35184372088631)
-
-	t.Run("ECM", func(t *testing.T) {
-
-		factor := GetFactorECM(m)
-
-		if factor.Cmp(new(big.Int).SetUint64(6292343)) != 0 && factor.Cmp(new(big.Int).SetUint64(5591617)) != 0 {
-			t.Fail()
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("PollardRho", func(t *testing.T) {
-		factor := GetFactorPollardRho(m)
-
-		if factor.Cmp(new(big.Int).SetUint64(6292343)) != 0 && factor.Cmp(new(big.Int).SetUint64(5591617)) != 0 {
-			t.Fail()
-		}
-	})
-}